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Mahayag, nestled in the province of Zamboanga del Sur, Philippines, occupies a geographically significant position on the island of Mindanao. Located at approximately 8.1297°N, 123.4383°E, the city benefits from a coastal setting, lying relatively close to Panguil Bay. The terrain surrounding Mahayag is characterized by a mix of rolling hills and plains, gradually rising inland towards the foothills of the mountains that dominate the interior of Mindanao. This topography influences local wind patterns and can contribute to localized air stagnation. The urban character of Mahayag is that of a developing city, with a population of around 48,258, exhibiting a clear urban-rural gradient as it transitions into surrounding agricultural lands – primarily coconut, rice, and corn cultivation. While not a major industrial hub, the presence of smaller-scale processing facilities related to agriculture, alongside increasing vehicular traffic, contributes to localized emissions. The proximity to the bay offers some degree of atmospheric dispersion, but also introduces the potential for salt spray and humidity to affect pollutant behaviour. Understanding this interplay between coastal influences, agricultural practices, and developing urbanisation is crucial for assessing and managing air quality in Mahayag.

Mahayag experiences a distinct wet and dry season, heavily influenced by the prevailing monsoon winds. Air quality generally improves during the wet season (roughly June to December) as rainfall effectively washes particulate matter from the atmosphere. However, increased humidity can also promote the formation of mould and other biological pollutants. The northeast monsoon brings consistent rainfall and winds, dispersing pollutants, making these months generally favourable for outdoor activity. Conversely, the dry season (January to May) sees a build-up of pollutants due to reduced rainfall and increased dust from agricultural activities and unpaved roads. February and March are typically the driest months, and therefore, the period of potentially poorer air quality. Temperature inversions, though not as pronounced as in larger metropolitan areas, can occur during calm mornings in the dry season, trapping pollutants near ground level. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during these periods. The transition months (May and November) can be unpredictable, with fluctuating rainfall and wind patterns. Monitoring local conditions is advised, and staying hydrated is always recommended.