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Lubin, nestled within the Dolnośląskie Voivodeship of southwestern Poland, occupies a geographically significant position within the Lower Silesian Upland. Its coordinates (51.3972, 16.2056) place it on gently undulating terrain, characterized by loess deposits and fluvial landforms shaped by the Kaczawa River and its tributaries. The city’s elevation averages around 170 meters above sea level, contributing to localized temperature inversions, particularly during colder months. Lubin’s urban fabric is a blend of historical development and post-industrial expansion, largely driven by copper mining and processing activities. Historically an agricultural hub, the surrounding landscape is a mosaic of arable fields, pastures, and scattered woodlands, creating a gradual urban–rural gradient. The proximity to the Kaczawa River, while providing a water source, can also exacerbate air pollution episodes by trapping pollutants under stable atmospheric conditions. The region is part of a broader industrial belt stretching across Lower Silesia, with significant mining and manufacturing centers nearby, influencing regional air quality patterns. The landscape is dominated by rolling hills and forests, offering some natural air filtration, but the legacy of industrial activity and the city’s location within a basin-like topography present challenges for air quality management. The prevailing westerly winds, while generally dispersing pollutants, can also funnel them into the Lubin area under certain meteorological conditions, impacting local residents.

Lubin’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by meteorological conditions. Winter months (November to February) typically see the poorest air quality, largely due to temperature inversions. Cold, stable air near the ground traps pollutants released from residential heating (often coal-based) and industrial sources, leading to prolonged periods of elevated particulate matter. Fog, common during these months, further reduces dispersion. Spring (March to May) brings a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and wind speeds increase, dispersing pollutants more effectively. However, agricultural activities, such as fertilizer application, can contribute to ammonia emissions. Summer (June to August) generally offers the best air quality, with frequent convective mixing and higher wind speeds. Occasional heatwaves can, however, lead to ozone formation. Autumn (September to October) presents a transitional period, with decreasing temperatures and increasing humidity, sometimes resulting in stagnant air conditions and localized pollution episodes. Individuals with respiratory conditions, such as asthma, and the elderly should exercise caution during winter months, limiting outdoor exposure on days with visibly reduced air quality. Children are also particularly vulnerable. During the agricultural season, those sensitive to allergens should monitor pollen levels and potential ammonia impacts. Maintaining efficient heating systems and reducing reliance on coal burning are crucial steps for improving winter air quality. Public awareness campaigns promoting cleaner transportation options and responsible agricultural practices are also vital for mitigating pollution throughout the year.