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Janów Lubelski, nestled within the Lubelskie Voivodeship of eastern Poland, occupies a geographically significant position at the edge of the expansive Roztocze National Park. Its coordinates (50.7167, 22.4167) place it within a gently undulating landscape, characterized by loess soils and a mix of agricultural fields and forested areas. The city itself sits at an elevation of approximately 185 meters above sea level, contributing to localized temperature variations and potential for fog formation, particularly during cooler months. The surrounding landscape is predominantly rural, a mosaic of arable land used for grain and rapeseed cultivation, interspersed with orchards and pastures. This agricultural intensity, while vital to the regional economy, can contribute to seasonal particulate matter emissions. Janów Lubelski’s location is relatively distant from major industrial belts, though it benefits from road connections facilitating transport of goods and people, which introduces vehicular emissions. The urban–rural gradient is gradual, with smaller villages and hamlets dotting the surrounding countryside. The proximity to the Roztocze National Park, a region known for its biodiversity and forested hills, offers a natural buffer against some pollutants, but also means the city is susceptible to transboundary pollution events carried by prevailing winds. The Wisłok River, though not directly adjacent, flows nearby, influencing local microclimates and potentially impacting pollutant dispersion patterns. The terrain’s gentle slopes can trap cold air, exacerbating temperature inversions and leading to stagnant air conditions during certain times of the year.

Janów Lubelski’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by meteorological conditions and agricultural practices. Spring (March-May) often sees a rise in particulate matter due to agricultural burning, a traditional practice for land clearing and residue disposal, although increasingly regulated. This period can be challenging for individuals with respiratory sensitivities. Summer (June-August) generally offers the best air quality, with warmer temperatures promoting atmospheric mixing and frequent rainfall helping to cleanse the air. However, occasional heatwaves can lead to ozone formation, particularly during stagnant air conditions. Autumn (September-November) brings a return to elevated particulate levels as harvest activities intensify and cooler temperatures lead to more frequent temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. Fog, common during autumn and winter, further exacerbates this issue by reducing atmospheric dispersion. Winter (December-February) typically presents the most challenging air quality conditions. Cold temperatures, frequent temperature inversions, and reduced sunlight hours contribute to pollutant accumulation. The use of solid fuel heating in homes, a common practice in the region, significantly increases emissions of particulate matter and carbon monoxide. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory or cardiovascular conditions, should limit outdoor exertion during periods of stagnant air or fog, particularly in the mornings and evenings. Monitoring local weather forecasts and air quality reports is crucial for informed decision-making regarding outdoor activities throughout the year.