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Łęczna, nestled within the Lubelskie Voivodeship of eastern Poland, occupies a geographically significant position within the expansive Polish Lowland. Located at approximately 51.3°N, 22.9°E, the city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the low-lying plains that define this region. The elevation averages around 150 meters above sea level, contributing to a generally stable atmospheric profile, though susceptible to temperature inversions under specific weather conditions. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural fields – primarily grain and rapeseed cultivation – interspersed with pockets of deciduous forest, typical of the eastern Polish countryside. This agricultural activity, while vital to the regional economy, can contribute to seasonal particulate matter emissions, particularly during harvest and fertilizer application. Łęczna’s proximity to the Wisła River basin, though not directly adjacent, influences regional weather patterns and potential for moisture transport. The urban–rural gradient is relatively gradual; Łęczna itself is a small town, transitioning smoothly into the agricultural landscape. While not situated directly within a major industrial belt, it benefits from its location along transport corridors, facilitating connections to larger industrial centers further west. The lack of significant topographic barriers means that pollutants, once emitted, can disperse relatively easily, but also means that regional pollution events can impact air quality. The flat terrain also means that fog, a frequent occurrence in winter, can trap pollutants close to the ground, exacerbating local air quality issues. The soil composition, largely loessial, can also influence dust resuspension during dry periods.

Łęczna’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by meteorological conditions. Winter months (November to February) often present the most challenging period. Cold temperatures and frequent fog events lead to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground and significantly reducing dispersion. Residential heating, primarily reliant on coal and wood in many households, contributes substantially to particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) concentrations during this time. Spring (March to May) brings a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and wind speeds increase, aiding in pollutant dispersal. Agricultural activities, such as fertilizer application, can introduce ammonia and other pollutants, though generally less impactful than winter heating. Summer (June to August) typically sees the best air quality, with consistent winds and higher temperatures promoting efficient pollutant dilution. However, occasional heatwaves can lead to ozone formation, a secondary pollutant. Autumn (September to October) marks a transitional period. Harvest activities release dust and agricultural emissions, while decreasing temperatures and increasing fog frequency begin to re-establish conditions conducive to pollutant accumulation. Individuals with respiratory conditions, such as asthma, should exercise caution during winter and early spring. Children and the elderly are also particularly vulnerable to the effects of particulate matter. During periods of stagnant air, limiting outdoor exertion and using air purifiers indoors are advisable. Monitoring local weather forecasts for fog and temperature inversions can provide valuable insight into potential air quality concerns.