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Brzeszcze, nestled within the Małopolskie Voivodeship of southern Poland, occupies a geographically significant position within the historical region of Silesia. Located approximately 20 kilometers southeast of Kraków, the city’s terrain is characterized by gently rolling hills, a typical feature of the Carpathian foothills that define this part of Poland. The elevation averages around 280 meters above sea level, contributing to localized microclimates and influencing air circulation patterns. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural fields – primarily grain and rapeseed cultivation – interspersed with patches of deciduous forest, predominantly beech and oak. This agricultural activity, while vital to the regional economy, can contribute to seasonal particulate matter emissions. Brzeszcze sits on the edge of an urban–rural gradient, transitioning from the dense urban fabric of Kraków to the more dispersed rural settlements of the Małopolska region. Historically, the area was heavily industrialized, with coal mining playing a dominant role, leaving a legacy of potential soil and groundwater contamination. While mining operations have largely ceased, their historical impact continues to shape the local environment. The proximity to the Wisła River, though not directly adjacent, influences regional weather patterns and can occasionally impact air quality through the transport of pollutants from upstream sources. The city’s location within a valley can also exacerbate air stagnation during periods of calm weather, trapping pollutants and leading to localized air quality challenges. The prevailing winds generally flow from the west, carrying air masses from the Czech Republic and Germany, potentially introducing transboundary pollutants.

Brzeszcze’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by meteorological conditions. Winter months (December-February) typically see the poorest air quality, driven by temperature inversions. Cold, stable air becomes trapped near the ground, preventing the vertical dispersion of pollutants from residential heating (primarily coal and wood stoves) and remaining industrial activity. Fog, common during these months, further exacerbates the problem by trapping particulate matter. Spring (March-May) brings a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and wind speeds increase, dispersing pollutants more effectively. Agricultural activities, however, begin to contribute to emissions with the start of the planting season. Summer (June-August) generally offers the best air quality, with frequent rainfall and strong winds flushing out pollutants. However, occasional heatwaves can lead to stagnant air and elevated ozone levels. Autumn (September-November) presents a transitional period. As temperatures cool, the risk of temperature inversions returns, and agricultural burning, a traditional practice in the region, can significantly increase particulate matter concentrations. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during winter and autumn, limiting outdoor activity on days with poor visibility or reported elevated pollution levels. During the warmer months, while generally better, those with asthma or other respiratory sensitivities should monitor for ozone alerts. Maintaining indoor air quality through proper ventilation and air purification can mitigate some of the risks associated with seasonal variations.