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Kęty, nestled within the Małopolskie Voivodeship of southern Poland, occupies a geographically significant position within the historical region of Oświęcim County. Located approximately 25 kilometers northwest of Kraków, Poland’s second-largest city, Kęty’s urban character is distinctly that of a market town, retaining a strong connection to its agricultural roots while experiencing gradual suburban expansion. The town sits on the edge of the Wysoka Góra plateau, a gently undulating terrain characterized by fertile agricultural lands and scattered woodlands. Elevation ranges from roughly 210 to 250 meters above sea level, influencing local weather patterns and air circulation. The surrounding landscape is predominantly rural, comprising fields of grain and rapeseed, interspersed with patches of deciduous forest, typical of the Carpathian foothills. This proximity to intensive agricultural zones contributes to seasonal particulate matter, particularly during harvest periods. While Kęty lacks direct access to major rivers or lakes, it benefits from the drainage network of smaller streams flowing towards the Skawa River, which further shapes the local microclimate. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp, with the town transitioning quickly into agricultural land, limiting the potential for extensive urban heat island effects. Historically, the area has seen some light industrial activity, primarily related to food processing and timber, which, while not major polluters, can contribute to localized air quality concerns. The town’s location, sheltered by the surrounding hills, can sometimes trap pollutants, especially during periods of calm weather.

Kęty’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by meteorological conditions and regional activities. Spring (March-May) typically sees an improvement in air quality as temperatures rise and winds increase, dispersing accumulated pollutants from winter. However, agricultural activities, such as fertilizer application, can introduce ammonia into the atmosphere. Summer (June-August) generally offers the best air quality, with consistent winds and higher mixing heights preventing the build-up of pollutants. Occasional heatwaves can lead to stagnant air and elevated ozone levels, though this is less pronounced than in larger urban areas. Autumn (September-November) marks a concerning shift. Harvest season brings increased dust and particulate matter from agricultural fields, while cooler temperatures and decreasing sunlight lead to more frequent temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. This is often the period of highest concern. Winter (December-February) is characterized by cold, stable air and frequent fog, exacerbating the effects of temperature inversions and trapping emissions from residential heating (primarily coal and wood burning). Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor exertion during these periods, particularly on days with low visibility or a noticeable smell of smoke. Avoiding outdoor activities during the early morning hours in winter, when inversions are most prevalent, is advisable. Increased ventilation in homes is crucial, but should be balanced with minimizing the use of solid fuel heating when air quality is poor.