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Nowy Targ, nestled within the picturesque Małopolskie Voivodeship of southern Poland, occupies a geographically significant position within the Carpathian foothills. Located at approximately 49.47° N, 20.02° E, the city’s coordinates place it within a valley carved by the Dunajec River and its tributaries, creating a distinctive microclimate. The surrounding landscape is dominated by the Gorce Mountains to the south and the Beskid Wysoki range to the southwest, contributing to a complex terrain that influences air circulation patterns. Elevation ranges from roughly 500 to 800 meters above sea level, further impacting local weather systems and pollutant dispersion. Nowy Targ’s urban character is a blend of historical market town and a growing regional center, with a noticeable urban–rural gradient extending outwards into agricultural lands and forested areas. The valley setting, while beautiful, can trap pollutants, particularly during periods of stable atmospheric conditions. The region is characterized by mixed farming, including livestock rearing and crop cultivation, which can contribute to ammonia emissions and particulate matter. Proximity to the industrial belt of Kraków, approximately 90 kilometers to the north, means that long-range transport of pollutants is also a factor. The Dunajec River, though not a major waterway for industrial transport, does influence local humidity and temperature, impacting the chemical reactions of pollutants in the atmosphere. The valley’s topography, combined with agricultural activity and regional industrial influences, creates a unique set of challenges for maintaining good air quality.

Nowy Targ’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by meteorological conditions. Winter months (December-February) often see the poorest air quality due to temperature inversions, where cold air becomes trapped in the valley, preventing the vertical dispersion of pollutants. This, coupled with reduced sunlight hours and increased heating demands (often reliant on solid fuels like coal and wood), leads to elevated levels of particulate matter and other combustion byproducts. Spring (March-May) brings a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and wind speeds increase, aiding in pollutant dispersal. However, agricultural activities, including fertilizer application, can contribute to ammonia emissions. Summer (June-August) generally offers the best air quality, with frequent convective mixing and higher wind speeds effectively diluting pollutants. Occasional heatwaves can, however, exacerbate ozone formation. Autumn (September-November) presents a transitional period; cooler temperatures and calmer winds can lead to stagnant air conditions, particularly in October and November, mirroring the winter pattern but to a lesser extent. Fog, common during autumn and winter mornings, further traps pollutants near ground level. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit prolonged outdoor activity during periods of stagnant air, especially in the mornings. During winter, ensuring proper ventilation when using heating appliances is crucial. Public health advisories are often issued during periods of elevated pollution, recommending reduced physical exertion and the use of air purifiers where possible. The agricultural cycle and heating practices are key drivers of seasonal air quality variations.