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Olkusz, nestled within the Małopolskie Voivodeship of southern Poland, occupies a unique geographical position within the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland. The city’s terrain is characterised by rolling hills and valleys, a landscape heavily shaped by past glacial activity and subsequent mining operations. Situated at approximately 300 meters above sea level, Olkusz isn’t directly adjacent to major bodies of water, though the Lila River flows nearby, offering limited dispersion potential for pollutants. Historically, and continuing today, Olkusz is deeply connected to mining, particularly zinc and lead ores. This industrial legacy has profoundly impacted the surrounding environment, creating a localised industrial belt. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; the city centre transitions quickly to agricultural land and forested areas. This proximity to both industrial sources and natural landscapes creates a complex interplay affecting air quality. The valley location, while scenic, can also trap pollutants, especially during periods of calm weather. The surrounding hills limit air circulation, exacerbating the concentration of emissions from both industrial activity and domestic heating, particularly during colder months. The geological composition of the area, rich in metallic ores, also contributes to particulate matter in the air through windblown dust from mining sites and processing facilities.

Olkusz experiences a temperate continental climate, with distinct seasonal variations impacting air quality. Winter (November to February) typically sees the poorest air quality, driven by increased reliance on coal-based heating for residential use, coupled with frequent temperature inversions that trap pollutants in the valley. Calm, cold conditions prevent dispersion, leading to elevated particulate matter concentrations. Spring (March to May) offers a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and heating demand decreases, though occasional dry spells can lead to dust from agricultural activities and mining areas. Summer (June to August) generally boasts the cleanest air, benefiting from prevailing winds and increased atmospheric mixing. However, heatwaves can sometimes trigger photochemical smog formation. Autumn (September to October) presents a transitional period, with increasing heating demand and the potential for stagnant air masses. Fog is common during autumn mornings, further concentrating pollutants. Sensitive individuals – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should be particularly cautious during winter and early spring. Avoiding strenuous outdoor activity on high-pollution days and utilising air purifiers indoors are recommended. Monitoring local forecasts and heeding health advisories is crucial for protecting respiratory health throughout the year.