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Trzebinia, nestled within the Małopolskie Voivodeship of southern Poland, occupies a unique geographic position. Situated approximately 30km southwest of Kraków, the city lies within the undulating landscape of the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland. The terrain is characterised by rolling hills and valleys, shaped by glacial activity during the Pleistocene epoch. The coordinates 50.1667° N, 19.4833° E place it within a temperate continental climate zone. The Sola River flows nearby, influencing local microclimates and potentially contributing to humidity levels that can affect pollutant dispersion. Historically, Trzebinia’s development was heavily influenced by coal mining, a legacy that continues to shape its industrial character and, consequently, its air quality. Surrounding the city are extensive agricultural lands, interspersed with forested areas. This urban-rural gradient creates complex air flow patterns. The proximity to Kraków, a major urban centre, also means Trzebinia can experience pollutant transport from regional sources. The elevation, averaging around 300-400m above sea level, can contribute to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants during stable atmospheric conditions. The geological composition of the area, rich in limestone, also influences dust levels, particularly during drier periods. Understanding these geographical factors is crucial for assessing and mitigating air pollution in Trzebinia.

Trzebinia’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern. Winter, from November to February, typically sees the highest pollution levels. Low temperatures encourage the widespread burning of coal and wood for heating, a common practice in the region, releasing particulate matter and sulfur dioxide. Frequent temperature inversions, common in the valley terrain, trap these pollutants near the ground. Spring (March-May) brings a gradual improvement as heating demand decreases, but agricultural activities, including field preparation and fertilization, can contribute to ammonia emissions. Summer (June-August) generally offers the cleanest air, aided by higher temperatures, increased wind speeds, and pollutant dispersion. However, heatwaves can exacerbate ozone formation. Autumn (September-October) presents a transitional period. As temperatures fall, heating resumes, and stagnant air masses can lead to pollution build-up, particularly during foggy conditions. October is often a month of concern. Sensitive individuals – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during winter and autumn months. Monitoring forecasts and avoiding peak pollution times are crucial. The Sola River’s influence can also contribute to localised fog formation, further trapping pollutants. Overall, spring and summer offer the most favourable conditions for outdoor activities.