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Garwolin, nestled within the Mazowieckie Voivodeship of east-central Poland, occupies a geographically significant position within the Słopków–Garwolin Heights, a gently undulating landscape marking a transition zone between the Masovian Lowlands and the Roztocze Hills. Its coordinates (51.8972, 21.6150) place it approximately 75 kilometers southeast of Warsaw, the nation’s capital. The city’s terrain is characterized by moderate slopes and fertile agricultural land, historically contributing to its rural character, though urbanization has steadily altered the landscape. Garwolin sits at an elevation of roughly 180 meters above sea level, influencing local weather patterns and air circulation. The surrounding area is predominantly agricultural, with extensive fields of grain and rapeseed dominating the view, interspersed with patches of deciduous forest. This proximity to agricultural zones introduces potential sources of particulate matter, particularly during planting and harvesting seasons. While Garwolin lacks immediate access to major rivers or lakes, several smaller streams and wetlands are present in the vicinity, which can influence local humidity and, consequently, pollutant dispersion. The urban–rural gradient is noticeable, with the city gradually blending into the agricultural landscape, creating a unique microclimate. The region's geology, composed primarily of Jurassic limestone, can also influence the chemical composition of rainfall and contribute to the weathering of building materials, impacting local air quality over time. The city’s location, while benefiting from relatively good connectivity to Warsaw, also means it’s susceptible to pollutants transported from larger urban centers.

Garwolin’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by meteorological conditions. Spring (March-May) often brings a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and winds increase, dispersing accumulated winter pollutants. However, agricultural activities, including fertilizer application and tilling, can introduce particulate matter and ammonia into the air, creating localized pollution episodes. Summer (June-August) generally sees the best air quality, with consistent winds and higher temperatures promoting good ventilation. However, periods of stagnant high pressure can lead to localized ozone formation, particularly during heatwaves. Autumn (September-November) marks a shift, with decreasing temperatures and calmer winds. This often results in temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground, especially in the mornings. Agricultural burning, though regulated, can also contribute to elevated particulate levels. Winter (December-February) typically presents the most challenging air quality conditions. Cold temperatures, frequent fog, and stable atmospheric conditions lead to pollutant accumulation. Residential heating, primarily reliant on coal and wood in many households, is a significant source of particulate matter and carbon monoxide. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor exposure during these periods, particularly on days with low visibility or a noticeable smell of smoke. During the warmer months, prolonged exposure to sunlight should be balanced with awareness of potential ozone levels. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can be beneficial throughout the year, especially during periods of elevated pollution.