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Łomża, nestled in the Podlaskie Voivodeship of northeastern Poland, occupies a strategic, yet subtly challenging, geographic position. The city is situated on the Narew River, a tributary of the Vistula, within the vast and relatively flat North European Plain. This landscape, sculpted by glacial activity, contributes to limited natural dispersion of pollutants. Łomża’s elevation averages around 120 meters above sea level, further reducing atmospheric mixing. Surrounding the city is a mosaic of agricultural land – primarily arable fields and pastures – interspersed with pockets of the Biebrza Marshes, one of Europe’s largest remaining wetland areas. While the marshes offer ecological benefits, they can also contribute to localised humidity and temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. Historically, Łomża was a significant trade and transport hub, but industrial development has been comparatively modest compared to other Polish cities. However, the presence of smaller industrial facilities and a reliance on solid fuel heating, particularly during colder months, contribute to localised emissions. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with significant agricultural activity immediately bordering the city limits, impacting background pollution levels. The Narew River, while a defining feature, can also act as a conduit for pollutant transport, depending on prevailing currents and rainfall.

Łomża’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern, heavily influenced by meteorological conditions and heating practices. Autumn and winter (November to February) typically experience the poorest air quality. Reduced sunlight hours, stable atmospheric conditions, and increased reliance on coal and wood burning for heating lead to pollutant build-up, particularly particulate matter (PM). Temperature inversions are common during these months, trapping cold, dense air near the ground. Spring (March to May) sees a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and heating demand decreases, though occasional stagnant air masses can still cause localised pollution episodes. Summer (June to August) generally offers the cleanest air, with prevailing winds aiding dispersion and minimal heating requirements. However, heatwaves can exacerbate ozone formation, a secondary pollutant. The Narew River’s influence is also felt; periods of low flow can concentrate pollutants. Sensitive individuals – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should be particularly cautious during the heating season. Avoid strenuous outdoor activity on still, cold days. Monitoring forecasts and limiting exposure during peak pollution times are crucial. Fog, common in autumn and winter, can further worsen conditions by trapping pollutants at ground level.