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Zabrze, nestled within the Silesian Voivodeship of southern Poland, occupies a geographically complex and historically significant position. Located at approximately 50.3025° N, 18.7781° E, the city’s terrain is characterized by undulating hills and valleys, a legacy of its formation within the Carpathian foothills. The elevation ranges from around 220 to 312 meters above sea level, contributing to localized microclimates and influencing air circulation patterns. Zabrze sits within the Upper Silesian Industrial Region, a historically dense belt of coal mining and heavy industry, profoundly shaping its urban character. The surrounding landscape is a mix of revitalized industrial zones, pockets of remaining agricultural land, and increasingly, green spaces as the city undergoes post-industrial transformation. While not directly adjacent to major rivers, the nearby Barycz River basin influences regional hydrology and contributes to humidity levels. The urban–rural gradient transitions relatively quickly, with smaller villages and agricultural fields bordering the city limits. This proximity to agricultural zones can introduce seasonal particulate matter from farming practices. The city’s location within a basin, coupled with its historical industrial activity, creates a tendency for air pollutants to accumulate, particularly during periods of stable atmospheric conditions. The legacy of coal mining, though diminished, continues to impact soil composition and potential for fugitive dust emissions. The surrounding topography significantly impacts wind patterns, often resulting in reduced ventilation and increased pollutant concentrations within the city’s core.

Zabrze’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by meteorological conditions. Winter months (December-February) typically see the poorest air quality, driven by temperature inversions that trap pollutants close to the ground. Cold, stable air masses combined with reduced sunlight hours limit atmospheric mixing, allowing emissions from residential heating (often coal-based) and remaining industrial sources to accumulate. Fog, a frequent occurrence during these months, further exacerbates the problem by absorbing pollutants and reducing visibility. Spring (March-May) brings a gradual improvement as temperatures rise, and wind speeds increase, dispersing pollutants. However, agricultural activities, including fertilizer application and field preparation, can introduce particulate matter and ammonia into the air. Summer (June-August) generally offers the best air quality, with warmer temperatures, stronger winds, and increased rainfall helping to flush out pollutants. However, occasional heatwaves can lead to stagnant air and ozone formation. Autumn (September-November) presents a transitional period, with decreasing temperatures and increasing humidity. Biomass burning, a traditional practice in surrounding rural areas, can contribute to elevated particulate matter levels. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during winter months, limiting outdoor activity on days with poor visibility or noticeable odors. During spring, monitoring pollen counts is advisable for allergy sufferers. Throughout the year, staying informed about local air quality reports and avoiding areas with heavy traffic or industrial emissions is recommended.