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Arouca, nestled in the Aveiro district of Portugal, occupies a geographically significant position within the Serra do Arouca Natural Park. Its coordinates (40.9289, -8.2436) place it within a landscape dominated by rugged, mountainous terrain, characterized by steep slopes and deep valleys carved by the Couros and Paiva rivers. The city’s elevation ranges from approximately 150 meters to over 600 meters above sea level, contributing to localized microclimates and influencing air circulation patterns. Arouca’s urban character is distinctly rural, with a relatively low population density and a strong connection to agricultural activities, primarily focused on vineyards and forestry. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of terraced fields, dense forests of oak and chestnut, and granite outcrops, typical of the Iberian Peninsula’s interior. The proximity to the Atlantic Ocean, roughly 30 kilometers west, introduces a maritime influence, though the mountainous barrier significantly moderates its impact. While Arouca itself lacks major industrial zones, it lies within a region experiencing gradual urbanization, with some light industrial activity concentrated in nearby towns. This urban–rural gradient means that agricultural practices and occasional transport-related emissions contribute to the local air quality profile, alongside the natural influences of the terrain and vegetation. The valley setting can trap pollutants under certain meteorological conditions, while the prevailing winds, often channeled through the mountain passes, play a crucial role in dispersing or concentrating airborne particles.

Arouca’s air quality exhibits a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by its climate and topography. Summers (June-August) are typically hot and dry, with prolonged periods of sunshine and minimal rainfall. This often leads to stagnant air conditions, particularly within the valley, as thermal inversions can trap pollutants close to the ground. Agricultural burning, though regulated, can occasionally contribute to particulate matter during this period. Autumn (September-November) brings increased rainfall and a shift in wind patterns, generally improving air quality as pollutants are flushed out. However, the cooler temperatures can also lead to increased fog formation, which can temporarily reduce visibility and trap pollutants. Winter (December-February) is characterized by colder temperatures and higher humidity. While rainfall is more frequent, temperature inversions are more common, especially during periods of calm weather, leading to potential episodes of localized air quality degradation. Spring (March-May) sees a gradual warming trend and increased wind activity, resulting in generally good air quality. The surrounding forests play a vital role in air purification throughout the year, absorbing pollutants and releasing oxygen. Sensitive groups, such as children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during summer and winter months, particularly on days with stagnant air or fog. Outdoor activities are generally more favorable during spring and autumn, when wind patterns are more dynamic and rainfall is more frequent, naturally cleansing the atmosphere. The region's reliance on wood-burning stoves for heating in winter can also contribute to localized pollution spikes.