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Serpa, nestled within the Alentejo region of Portugal, occupies a geographically significant position in the Beja district. Located at approximately 37.93°N, -7.58°W, the town sits on a gently undulating plain, characteristic of the wider Alentejo landscape. Its elevation averages around 280 meters above sea level, contributing to a relatively stable atmospheric layer, though susceptible to temperature inversions under specific conditions. The surrounding terrain is predominantly agricultural, a mosaic of cork oak forests, olive groves, and cereal fields, defining the urban–rural gradient. This agricultural activity, while vital to the regional economy, can contribute to localized particulate matter emissions, particularly during harvest seasons. Serpa’s proximity to the Guadiana River, though not directly adjacent, influences regional weather patterns and can occasionally facilitate the transport of pollutants from upstream sources. The Alentejo’s climate is Mediterranean, with hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters. This climate, combined with the relatively flat topography, can lead to stagnant air conditions during summer months, hindering pollutant dispersion. The town itself exhibits a traditional Alentejo urban character, with a compact historic center and a gradual expansion outwards, largely following the agricultural patterns. There are no major industrial belts immediately surrounding Serpa, reducing direct industrial emissions, but the region's agricultural processing facilities can contribute to localized air quality concerns. The overall landscape promotes a generally rural feel, with the town acting as a service hub for the surrounding agricultural communities.

Serpa’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by the Mediterranean climate. Summers (June-August) are typically the most challenging period. High temperatures and prolonged periods of sunshine lead to increased photochemical smog formation, as sunlight drives reactions between pollutants. The lack of significant rainfall and often stagnant air conditions, exacerbated by temperature inversions that trap pollutants near the ground, contribute to this. Spring (March-May) generally sees improved air quality as temperatures moderate and rainfall increases, dispersing accumulated pollutants. However, agricultural activities, such as plowing and fertilizer application, can introduce particulate matter during this period. Autumn (September-November) presents a transitional phase. While temperatures begin to cool, the harvest season intensifies agricultural emissions, particularly from burning crop residues, a traditional practice that can significantly impact local air quality. Winter (December-February) usually offers the best air quality, with cooler temperatures, increased rainfall, and more frequent wind events that help to flush out pollutants. Fog, however, can occasionally form during winter nights, trapping pollutants and creating localized episodes of poor air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during summer and autumn, limiting outdoor activities during peak pollution hours. During harvest season, residents should be aware of potential smoke impacts and take necessary precautions, such as closing windows and using air purifiers.