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Sertã, nestled within the Castelo Branco district of Portugal, occupies a geographically significant position in the Beira Interior region. Located at approximately 39.8008° latitude and -8.1003° longitude, the municipality sits at an elevation averaging around 420 meters above sea level, contributing to a generally cooler climate compared to coastal areas. The surrounding landscape is characterized by rolling hills and valleys, typical of the Serra da Estrela mountain range's foothills, predominantly covered in agricultural land and interspersed with patches of Mediterranean woodland. This rural setting, while aesthetically pleasing, influences air quality dynamics. The municipality’s proximity to agricultural zones means seasonal activities like ploughing and harvesting can contribute to particulate matter, particularly during autumn. Sertã itself exhibits a relatively low urban density, with a dispersed settlement pattern reflecting its historical development as an agricultural hub. The urban fabric is primarily composed of traditional stone buildings, characteristic of the region. While not directly adjacent to major rivers, the area benefits from occasional rainfall, which can help cleanse the atmosphere. The town’s location, away from major industrial belts, generally shields it from heavy industrial pollution. However, the urban–rural gradient is evident, with air quality potentially impacted by agricultural practices and occasional smoke from wood-burning stoves, especially during colder months. The prevailing winds, typically from the west, play a crucial role in dispersing pollutants, though local topography can sometimes create pockets of stagnant air.

Sertã’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal rhythm dictated by Portugal’s Mediterranean climate. Spring (March-May) generally offers the most favourable conditions, with increasing temperatures and frequent rainfall helping to flush out pollutants. Wind patterns tend to be more consistent, aiding in dispersion. Summer (June-August) sees drier conditions and higher temperatures, which can exacerbate the effects of any localized emissions. While industrial activity remains low, stagnant air masses can occasionally form, particularly during heatwaves, potentially trapping pollutants near the ground. Autumn (September-November) presents a more complex picture. Agricultural activities, such as harvesting and land preparation, contribute to increased particulate matter, especially in the early autumn months. Fog, common during this period, can also trap pollutants, leading to temporary reductions in visibility and potential respiratory irritation. Winter (December-February) is often the most challenging season. Colder temperatures lead to increased use of wood-burning stoves for heating, a significant source of particulate pollution. Temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air sits above cooler air near the ground, are more frequent, preventing vertical mixing and trapping pollutants. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during these periods, limiting outdoor exertion and monitoring for any adverse health effects. The transition months of spring and autumn are generally preferable for outdoor activities, while summer’s heat and winter’s cold require careful consideration of air quality conditions.