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Montemor-o-Novo, nestled in the Alentejo region of Portugal, presents a unique geographic context influencing its air quality. Situated approximately 50km east of Évora, the city occupies a gently undulating landscape within the wider Alentejo plain. The terrain is characterised by rolling hills and open fields, with an elevation ranging around 260 meters above sea level. This relatively high elevation, compared to the coastal plains, contributes to a continental Mediterranean climate with hotter, drier summers and cooler, wetter winters. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, dominated by extensive olive groves, cork oak forests (montados), and cereal crops. While not directly adjacent to the coast, the influence of Atlantic weather systems is felt, bringing occasional rainfall. The city’s urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; Montemor-o-Novo is a significant local hub, but quickly transitions to sparsely populated agricultural land. There are no major industrial belts immediately surrounding the city, however, regional agricultural practices – including the use of fertilizers and occasional burning of agricultural residue – contribute to particulate matter. The prevailing winds, generally from the northwest, can transport pollutants from more industrialised areas further north, impacting local air quality. The topography, while not mountainous, can create localised pockets where air stagnation occurs, exacerbating pollution episodes.

Montemor-o-Novo’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern. The summer months (June-August) often see a rise in ground-level ozone due to high temperatures and strong sunlight reacting with vehicle emissions and agricultural VOCs. Dry conditions and infrequent rainfall mean pollutants accumulate, with limited natural dispersion. Autumn (September-November) brings a temporary improvement as cooler temperatures reduce ozone formation and the first rains help to wash away particulate matter. However, this period can also see increased particulate pollution from agricultural burning as farmers prepare fields for winter planting. Winter (December-February) is generally the period of best air quality, with higher precipitation and lower temperatures. However, temperature inversions, common in the Alentejo plain during calm winter nights, can trap pollutants near the ground, leading to localised episodes of poor air quality. Spring (March-May) sees a gradual increase in pollution as temperatures rise and agricultural activity intensifies. Sensitive individuals – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should be particularly cautious during the summer and autumn months. Avoiding strenuous outdoor activity during peak heat and periods of agricultural burning is advisable. Monitoring local conditions and following health advisories is crucial.