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Boloso, nestled within the Sangha region of the Republic of the Congo, occupies a geographically significant position at approximately 2.0333° latitude and 15.2000° longitude. The city’s setting is deeply intertwined with the dense, equatorial rainforest that characterizes much of the Congo Basin. Boloso’s terrain is gently undulating, transitioning from low-lying areas near the Sangha River to slightly elevated ground further inland. This river, a vital artery for transportation and local livelihoods, exerts a moderating influence on the local climate and, consequently, air quality. The surrounding landscape is overwhelmingly dominated by primary rainforest, interspersed with smaller agricultural plots practiced by the local population, primarily subsistence farming of cassava, plantains, and maize. There are no major industrial belts immediately adjacent to Boloso; however, logging activities are present in the broader Sangha region, potentially contributing to particulate matter transport. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp, with the rainforest quickly reclaiming areas beyond the city limits. Elevation plays a minor role, with the city situated at a low altitude, minimizing the potential for significant temperature inversions. The humid, tropical climate, coupled with the dense vegetation, generally promotes air moisture, which can trap pollutants under certain meteorological conditions. The city’s relatively small size (population 12,244) suggests a primarily rural character with limited vehicular traffic, though wood-burning stoves for cooking and heating remain a common practice, impacting local air quality.

Boloso’s air quality narrative is dictated by its tropical climate, experiencing distinct wet and dry seasons rather than the four traditional seasons. The dry season, typically spanning from June to September, often sees a slight increase in particulate matter concentrations. This is primarily due to reduced rainfall, which limits the natural cleansing effect of precipitation, and increased use of wood-burning stoves for cooking as humidity makes food preparation more challenging. The lack of consistent winds during this period can also lead to a build-up of pollutants near ground level. Conversely, the wet season, from October to May, brings frequent rainfall and higher humidity, generally resulting in improved air quality. The consistent rainfall effectively washes away particulate matter, and increased wind speeds associated with tropical storms help disperse pollutants. Fog, a relatively infrequent occurrence, can occasionally trap pollutants during the transitional periods between wet and dry seasons, leading to localized episodes of reduced visibility and potentially impacting respiratory health. Sensitive groups, such as children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of prolonged dry spells and reduced wind. Outdoor activities are generally more favourable during the wet season, although heavy rainfall can still pose challenges. The prevalence of wood-burning stoves necessitates improved ventilation in homes and consideration of alternative cooking methods to minimize indoor air pollution, a significant concern for household health.