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Buhuşi, nestled within the Bacău County of Romania, occupies a geographically significant position in the historical Moldavia region. Located at approximately 46.7150° latitude and 26.7042° longitude, the city sits on the undulating terrain of the Romanian Subcarpathians, a landscape characterized by rolling hills and fertile valleys. Buhuşi’s elevation, averaging around 280 meters above sea level, contributes to localized microclimates and influences air circulation patterns. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, with extensive fields of wheat, corn, and sunflowers dominating the rural areas. This agricultural activity, while vital to the regional economy, can contribute to seasonal particulate matter emissions, particularly during harvest periods. To the west, the Carpathian foothills rise more steeply, creating a barrier that can trap pollutants under certain meteorological conditions. While Buhuşi lacks immediate proximity to major rivers, it benefits from several smaller streams and tributaries, contributing to local humidity and influencing precipitation patterns. The urban–rural gradient around Buhuşi is relatively gradual, with small villages and agricultural land seamlessly blending into the city’s periphery. The city itself exhibits a traditional Romanian urban character, with a compact core of historic buildings and a more modern expansion outwards. The absence of large-scale industrial zones within Buhuşi itself mitigates some pollution risks, although transportation-related emissions and agricultural practices remain key factors affecting local air quality.

Buhuşi’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by meteorological conditions and agricultural practices. Spring (March-May) typically sees an improvement in air quality as temperatures rise and winds increase, dispersing accumulated pollutants. However, agricultural activities, including fertilizer application and early field work, can introduce localized spikes in ammonia and particulate matter. Summer (June-August) generally offers the best air quality, with consistent winds and higher temperatures promoting good ventilation. The dry conditions, however, can exacerbate dust emissions from agricultural fields. Autumn (September-November) marks a period of increasing concern. Harvest activities release significant amounts of particulate matter from crop residue burning, a common practice in the region. Temperature inversions, frequently occurring during clear, calm nights, trap pollutants near the ground, leading to periods of reduced visibility and elevated concentrations of fine particles. Winter (December-February) presents the most challenging period. Cold, stable air masses, coupled with frequent fog and temperature inversions, severely limit air circulation. Residential heating, often reliant on wood or coal, contributes significantly to particulate matter and carbon monoxide pollution. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor exertion during these periods, particularly on days with persistent fog or calm winds. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can also be beneficial. Awareness of agricultural burning schedules and avoiding outdoor activities during periods of stagnant air are crucial for minimizing exposure.