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Cumpăna, nestled within the Constanța County of Romania, occupies a geographically significant position at 44.1128° N, 28.5558° E. The city’s terrain is predominantly undulating, characterized by gently sloping plains transitioning into the lower hills of the Dobruja region. This location, situated inland from the Black Sea coast, influences its microclimate and, consequently, its air quality. Cumpăna lies within a predominantly agricultural landscape, surrounded by fertile farmlands and orchards, a typical feature of the Dobruja plateau. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp; the city itself is compact, with a clear delineation between built-up areas and the surrounding agricultural fields. While not directly adjacent to major industrial zones, Cumpăna benefits from its proximity to Constanța, a major port city and industrial hub, which can occasionally contribute to transboundary pollution events. The Black Sea itself plays a role, influencing humidity levels and occasionally bringing in maritime air masses. Elevation is relatively low, averaging around 50 meters above sea level, which can exacerbate temperature inversions during colder months, trapping pollutants closer to the ground. The surrounding landscape, a mix of cultivated fields and scattered woodlands, contributes to a generally rural character, though agricultural practices and occasional burning can impact local air quality. The city’s location, therefore, presents a complex interplay of agricultural activity, coastal influences, and proximity to a larger industrial center, all shaping its atmospheric conditions.

Cumpăna’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle driven by meteorological patterns. Spring (March-May) often sees a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and winds increase, dispersing accumulated pollutants. However, agricultural activities, including fertilizer application and occasional field burning (though increasingly regulated), can introduce localized spikes in particulate matter. Summer (June-August) typically brings the most stable air quality, with consistent winds from the Black Sea providing natural ventilation. High temperatures, however, can contribute to ozone formation, particularly during stagnant periods. Autumn (September-November) presents a more complex picture. As temperatures cool, the likelihood of temperature inversions increases, trapping pollutants near the ground, especially in the mornings. Agricultural activity continues, and harvest-related emissions can be a factor. The most challenging period for air quality is generally winter (December-February). Cold, stable air masses, coupled with frequent temperature inversions, lead to pollutant accumulation. Fog, common during these months, further reduces dispersion. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit prolonged outdoor exposure during these periods, particularly on days with low visibility. While summer generally offers the best conditions, even then, monitoring local weather forecasts for stagnant air conditions is advisable. The interplay of wind patterns, temperature fluctuations, and agricultural practices dictates the seasonal narrative of Cumpăna’s air quality, demanding adaptive strategies for public health.