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Drobeta-Turnu Severin, situated in the Mehedinţi county of Romania, occupies a strategically significant location at the confluence of the Danube and the Jiu rivers. This positioning, at coordinates 44.6333, 22.6500, has historically shaped its development as a crucial transport and trade hub. The city is nestled within the Romanian Plain, though the immediate surroundings exhibit a gently undulating terrain, rising towards the foothills of the Carpathian Mountains to the north. The Danube, a dominant feature, exerts a considerable influence on local climate and air circulation patterns. The surrounding landscape is a mix of agricultural land – primarily arable fields and orchards – and riparian forests along the riverbanks. While not heavily industrialised compared to other Romanian cities, the presence of the Severnav shipyard and associated industries contributes to localised emissions. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with agricultural areas quickly transitioning to built-up areas. This proximity to both water and industry, coupled with the valley-like topography, can create conditions conducive to pollutant concentration, particularly during periods of calm weather. The city’s elevation, relatively low-lying, further influences air dispersion. The prevailing winds, often following the Danube’s course, play a key role in pollutant transport and dilution.

Air quality in Drobeta-Turnu Severin exhibits a distinct seasonal pattern. Winter, from December to February, often sees the poorest air quality. Low temperatures lead to increased use of solid fuels for heating, particularly coal and wood, releasing particulate matter (PM) and sulphur dioxide. Temperature inversions, common in the valley during calm winter days, trap pollutants near the ground. Spring (March-May) brings gradual improvement as heating demand decreases and vegetation begins to absorb pollutants. However, agricultural activities, including burning of crop residue, can temporarily worsen conditions. Summer (June-August) generally offers the cleanest air, aided by higher temperatures, stronger winds, and increased atmospheric mixing. However, prolonged heatwaves can exacerbate ozone formation. Autumn (September-November) sees a return to poorer air quality as heating resumes and atmospheric stability increases. Fog, frequent during autumn mornings, can trap pollutants, reducing visibility and impacting respiratory health. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during winter and autumn mornings. Monitoring wind direction is crucial; pollutants tend to accumulate when winds are light or from the north-east, bringing emissions from nearby settlements.