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Balş, situated in the Olt County of Romania, occupies a geographically significant position within the Romanian Plain, a vast expanse of undulating terrain characteristic of southeastern Europe. Located at approximately 44.35° N, 24.09° E, the city’s elevation averages around 130 meters above sea level, contributing to a relatively flat landscape. This flatness, while facilitating urban development, can also exacerbate air quality challenges, particularly concerning the dispersion of pollutants. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, with extensive fields of wheat, barley, and rapeseed dominating the rural areas. To the west, the Olt River meanders through the plain, offering a limited moderating influence on local climate and air quality, though its impact is less pronounced than larger river systems. Balş lies within a region historically associated with agricultural production, and while industrial activity is not as extensive as in larger Romanian cities, there are localized agricultural processing facilities and smaller industrial zones that contribute to emissions. The urban–rural gradient around Balş is gradual, with agricultural land seamlessly transitioning into residential areas, meaning agricultural practices and associated emissions directly impact the city’s air quality. The lack of significant topographic barriers means that pollutants released within the city and surrounding areas tend to linger, especially during periods of meteorological stability. The prevailing winds, generally from the east, influence the direction of pollutant transport, and the flat terrain offers little resistance to their movement, potentially affecting air quality in downwind communities.

Balş experiences a continental climate, resulting in distinct seasonal variations that significantly impact air quality. Spring (March-May) often sees a rise in particulate matter due to agricultural activities like plowing and fertilizer application, combined with increased pollen levels. The warming temperatures can also lead to increased volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from vegetation. Summer (June-August) typically brings cleaner air, aided by higher temperatures and more frequent convective mixing, which disperses pollutants. However, periods of intense heat can exacerbate ozone formation, particularly during stagnant air masses. Autumn (September-November) presents a complex picture. Agricultural burning, a traditional practice in the region, can significantly degrade air quality, especially in October and November. Cooler temperatures and the onset of temperature inversions can trap pollutants near the ground, leading to localized episodes of poor air quality. Winter (December-February) is often the most challenging season. Cold, stable air masses, frequent temperature inversions, and reduced sunlight hours contribute to the accumulation of pollutants. Fog, common during winter mornings, further traps pollutants, creating conditions ripe for respiratory issues. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during winter and autumn, particularly on days with low visibility or reports of agricultural burning. During spring, those with pollen allergies should monitor pollen forecasts and take appropriate precautions. Throughout the year, maintaining good ventilation indoors and avoiding exposure to areas with high traffic density can help mitigate the impacts of air pollution.