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Novyy Oskol, nestled within the Belgorodskaya Oblast’ of Russia, occupies a position on the Seversky Donets River basin, at coordinates 50.7583° N, 37.8736° E. The city’s terrain is characterised by gently rolling hills and plains, typical of the Central Russian Upland, with an elevation ranging between 150-200 meters. This relatively flat topography, while facilitating urban development, can contribute to the trapping of pollutants during periods of atmospheric stability. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, with extensive fields of grain and sunflowers dominating the region. Historically, the area has also seen some industrial activity, linked to iron ore mining and processing, though this is less concentrated *within* Novyy Oskol itself than in nearby cities like Stary Oskol. The Seversky Donets River provides a crucial water source but also acts as a potential pathway for pollutant dispersion. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; the city is a distinct node within a largely agrarian landscape. The prevailing winds, generally from the west and northwest, influence the transport of air masses and, consequently, pollutant distribution. The city’s location, while not directly within a major industrial belt, is influenced by regional emissions and agricultural practices, impacting local air quality.

Novyy Oskol experiences a continental climate, with distinct seasonal variations that significantly affect air quality. Spring (March-May) sees a gradual increase in particulate matter from agricultural activities – plowing and fertilizer application – coupled with dust from thawing ground. Summer (June-August) typically offers the cleanest air, aided by prevailing winds and rainfall that help disperse pollutants, though occasional heatwaves can exacerbate ozone formation. However, wildfires in surrounding regions can dramatically worsen air quality during dry spells. Autumn (September-November) is often marked by a deterioration in air quality due to increased heating demands, leading to higher emissions from residential and industrial sources burning fossil fuels. Temperature inversions become more frequent, trapping pollutants near the ground. Winter (December-February) presents the most challenging conditions. Prolonged cold spells increase reliance on coal and wood for heating, resulting in elevated levels of particulate matter and sulfur dioxide. Snow cover reflects pollutants, increasing their concentration. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor exposure during autumn and winter. Months of June and July generally offer the most favourable conditions for outdoor activity, but monitoring regional fire activity is crucial.