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Nartkala, nestled within the Kabardino-Balkariya Republic of Russia, occupies a geographically complex position at approximately 43.55° N, 43.85° E. The city’s location within the foothills of the central Caucasus Mountains significantly shapes its urban character and air quality dynamics. Situated at an elevation of roughly 650 meters above sea level, Nartkala benefits from a relatively mild climate, but also experiences the topographic influences common to mountainous regions. The surrounding landscape is dominated by steep slopes, dense forests of pine and fir, and interspersed agricultural lands. To the north and east, the terrain gradually descends into broader valleys, while to the south and west, the mountains rise dramatically. This creates a funneling effect for air masses, potentially trapping pollutants under certain meteorological conditions. The Baksan River flows nearby, offering a degree of humidity and influencing local microclimates, but also presenting a potential pathway for pollutant transport downstream. While Nartkala itself is a relatively small urban center, it lies within a region experiencing a gradual urban–rural gradient. Agricultural zones, primarily focused on fruit orchards and livestock farming, are prevalent in the surrounding areas, contributing to both natural and anthropogenic emissions. Further afield, industrial activity is concentrated in larger regional hubs, with potential for long-range transport of pollutants impacting Nartkala’s air quality. The city’s compact urban form, characterized by residential areas and limited industrial presence within the city limits, means that local emissions are primarily from vehicle traffic and residential heating.

Nartkala’s air quality exhibits a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the interplay of temperature, precipitation, and wind patterns characteristic of the Caucasus region. Winter (December-February) typically presents the most challenging conditions. Cold temperatures lead to increased residential heating reliant on solid fuels like wood and coal, significantly elevating particulate matter concentrations. Furthermore, frequent temperature inversions trap pollutants within the valley, exacerbating the problem. Fog, common during these months, further reduces dispersion. Spring (March-May) brings a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and heating demand decreases. Increased rainfall helps to cleanse the atmosphere, but agricultural activities, including fertilizer application, can introduce ammonia and other pollutants. Summer (June-August) generally offers the best air quality, with warmer temperatures promoting atmospheric mixing and stronger winds dispersing pollutants. However, occasional heatwaves can lead to stagnant air and ozone formation. Autumn (September-November) sees a transition period. As temperatures cool, residential heating begins again, and agricultural burning practices, while regulated, can contribute to localized pollution episodes. The months of November and early December are often particularly problematic due to a combination of cooler temperatures, reduced wind speeds, and lingering fog. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during periods of stagnant air, particularly in the mornings and evenings during winter. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can also be beneficial.