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Svetlyy, situated in the Kaliningrad Oblast’ of Russia, occupies a unique geographical position as a port city on the Baltic Sea. Located at 54.6667°N, 20.1333°E, the city’s terrain is relatively flat, characteristic of the East European Plain, with a low elevation that contributes to potential air stagnation. The city’s development is intrinsically linked to its port, a crucial ice-free harbour providing access to the Baltic. Surrounding Svetlyy is a landscape transitioning from coastal dunes and beaches to agricultural land, primarily used for crop cultivation. To the east and south, the terrain gradually rises, though remains generally low-lying. The proximity to the Baltic Sea exerts a significant influence on the local climate, moderating temperatures and increasing humidity. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with Svetlyy itself being a concentrated urban area surrounded by more sparsely populated agricultural regions. The presence of the port and associated industrial activities, including shipbuilding and processing of marine resources, are key factors influencing local air quality. Prevailing winds, typically from the west and northwest, carry maritime influences but can also transport pollutants from regional sources. The city’s location within a coastal depression can exacerbate the trapping of pollutants during stable atmospheric conditions.

Svetlyy experiences a temperate maritime climate, significantly impacting its air quality throughout the year. Winter (November to February) often sees poorer air quality due to temperature inversions, trapping emissions from heating systems and industrial activity near the ground. Reduced sunlight hours also limit the natural dispersion of pollutants. Spring (March to May) brings a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and winds become more frequent, though agricultural burning can temporarily elevate particulate matter. Summer (June to August) generally offers the best air quality, with prevailing westerly winds effectively dispersing pollutants over the Baltic Sea. However, calm periods can still lead to localised build-up of emissions from port operations and recreational activities. Autumn (September to October) is a transitional period, with increasing heating demand and potential for fog formation, which can trap pollutants. Sensitive individuals, such as those with respiratory conditions, should be particularly cautious during winter and autumn. Months to favour for outdoor activity are June, July, and August. The Baltic Sea’s influence moderates extremes, but localised industrial emissions remain a consistent factor. Monitoring wind direction is crucial, as onshore winds can bring pollutants from regional sources.