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Yeysk, situated on the northern coast of the Sea of Azov in Russia’s Krasnodarskiy Kray, occupies a unique geographical position. The city lies on a low-lying, sandy peninsula, the Yeysk Spit, extending into the sea. This flat terrain, barely rising above sea level, significantly influences local air quality. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, characterized by extensive grain fields and vineyards, typical of the Kuban region. To the north and east lie the vast steppes, while the city is sheltered from some westerly winds by the Azov Sea. Yeysk’s urban character is that of a port city and a regional agricultural hub. Historically, its location facilitated trade and fishing. However, the proximity to agricultural lands introduces potential sources of particulate matter from harvesting and soil disturbance, alongside fertilizer and pesticide application. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with agricultural activity dominating the immediate surroundings. Industrial activity is present, though less concentrated than in larger Russian cities, primarily related to food processing and port operations. The open sea provides some degree of atmospheric dispersion, but temperature inversions, common in coastal areas, can trap pollutants, exacerbating air quality issues, particularly during calmer weather conditions. The shallow waters of the Sea of Azov also contribute to high humidity, potentially influencing the formation of secondary pollutants.

Yeysk experiences a continental climate with distinct seasonal variations impacting air quality. Spring (March-May) sees increasing agricultural activity, leading to a rise in particulate matter from field preparation and potential fertilizer use. Winds are variable, sometimes offering dispersion, but temperature inversions can still occur. Summer (June-August) is generally warmer and drier, with increased sunshine promoting photochemical smog formation, particularly from vehicle emissions and industrial sources. Sea breezes offer some relief, but stagnant conditions can lead to localized pollution build-up. Autumn (September-November) brings harvest season, again increasing particulate matter. The onset of colder temperatures can create stable atmospheric conditions, trapping pollutants. Winter (December-February) is the coldest period, with reduced agricultural activity but increased reliance on heating, primarily from coal and wood in some areas, contributing to higher levels of soot and sulfur dioxide. Fog is common, exacerbating particulate matter concentrations. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during harvest seasons (spring and autumn) and winter months. Monitoring wind direction is crucial; onshore winds can bring pollutants from surrounding areas, while offshore winds offer better dispersion. Avoiding peak traffic hours can also minimize exposure.