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Krasnoyarsk, situated in the vast Krasnoyarsk Krai of south-central Siberia, occupies a strategic position along the Yenisei River, one of Russia's longest waterways. The city lies within the Yenisei River basin, surrounded by the rolling hills of the West Siberian Plain to the west and the rugged Sayan Mountains to the south, creating a natural amphitheater that profoundly influences its air quality. At an elevation of approximately 140 meters above sea level, Krasnoyarsk's urban core is densely developed, with industrial zones clustered along the riverbanks, particularly the massive RUSAL aluminium smelter to the northwest. This industrial belt, combined with extensive residential areas reliant on coal and biomass heating, generates significant emissions that become trapped due to the basin's topography. The Yenisei River, while providing vital transportation and water resources, contributes to frequent temperature inversions, especially in winter, where cold air sinks into the valley, forming a lid that prevents pollutant dispersion. The urban–rural gradient shows a sharp transition from the city's industrial and vehicular pollution hotspots to surrounding taiga forests, but regional emissions from agriculture and mining in the broader krai can drift into the area. Krasnoyarsk's location in a continental interior, far from oceanic influences, exacerbates pollution accumulation, as stagnant air masses dominate, making it one of Russia's most challenging cities for air quality management.

In Krasnoyarsk, air quality follows a stark seasonal rhythm dictated by Siberia's extreme climate and local meteorological conditions. Winter, from November through February, marks the peak pollution period, when temperatures plummet and persistent temperature inversions in the Yenisei River basin trap emissions from coal heating, vehicle exhaust, and industrial sources like the RUSAL smelter. Heavy snowfall and blizzards can temporarily clear the air but often lead to increased road dust and combustion for warmth. Sensitive groups, such as children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions, should minimize outdoor activities during these months, especially on calm, cold days when inversions are strongest. Spring brings gradual improvement as temperatures rise and winds increase, dispersing pollutants, though melting snow can stir up dust and industrial emissions persist. Summer offers the best air quality, with longer days, warmer temperatures, and more frequent winds reducing inversion frequency, making it favourable for outdoor pursuits; however, occasional heatwaves can elevate ozone levels and intensify smog from industrial activity. Autumn sees a return to deteriorating conditions as heating season resumes and inversions become more common, with October often serving as a transition month. Throughout the year, fog can exacerbate pollution visibility and health impacts, particularly in low-lying areas near the river.