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Yelets, nestled within the Lipetskaya Oblast’ of Russia, occupies a geographically significant position within the Central Russian Upland. Located at approximately 52.62° N, 38.47° E, the city’s terrain is gently undulating, characterized by low hills and broad plains typical of the region. Its elevation averages around 200 meters (656 feet) above sea level, influencing local weather patterns and, consequently, air quality. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, a patchwork of fertile fields used for grain and livestock farming – a key economic driver for the oblast’. This proximity to intensive agricultural practices introduces potential sources of particulate matter, particularly during planting and harvesting seasons, as well as ammonia emissions from fertilizer use. While Yelets lacks immediate proximity to major rivers or lakes, it sits within a watershed that contributes to the Don River basin, impacting regional hydrology. The urban–rural gradient around Yelets is relatively gradual, with smaller villages and agricultural settlements blending seamlessly into the city’s periphery. Historically, Yelets served as a trading hub, and while industrial activity is present, it’s less pronounced than in larger Russian cities, primarily focused on food processing and light manufacturing. The prevailing winds, generally from the west, carry pollutants eastward, potentially impacting downwind communities. The city's location within a continental climate zone, with distinct seasons, further complicates air quality dynamics, creating conditions conducive to temperature inversions during colder months, trapping pollutants near the ground.

Yelets’ air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by its continental climate. Winter, spanning roughly November to March, presents the most challenging period. Cold temperatures frequently lead to temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air sits above cooler air near the ground, effectively trapping pollutants and creating stagnant air conditions. Fog, common during these months, exacerbates the problem by reducing visibility and further hindering pollutant dispersion. Residential heating, reliant on coal and wood in some areas, contributes significantly to particulate matter pollution. Spring (April-May) brings a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and winds increase, dispersing accumulated pollutants. However, agricultural activities, including fertilizer application and tilling, introduce new sources of ammonia and particulate matter. Summer (June-August) generally offers the best air quality, with warmer temperatures, stronger winds, and increased rainfall helping to cleanse the atmosphere. However, occasional heatwaves can lead to ozone formation. Autumn (September-October) sees a return to more challenging conditions as temperatures cool and the agricultural cycle resumes, releasing dust and emissions. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during winter months, limiting outdoor exposure and avoiding strenuous activity on days with persistent fog or temperature inversions. During spring and autumn, monitoring local weather conditions and agricultural activity is advisable. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can also mitigate potential health impacts.