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Podolsk occupies a distinctive position within the Moscow Oblast, situated approximately 43 kilometres south of Moscow's city centre along the Pakhra River, a tributary of the Moskva River. This location places it firmly within the expansive Moscow metropolitan region, characterised by a transition from dense urban core to suburban and industrial zones. The city's terrain is relatively flat, typical of the East European Plain, with an average elevation around 160 metres above sea level, contributing to limited natural ventilation. Podolsk lies within a significant industrial belt that extends southward from Moscow, historically centred on heavy machinery, cement production, and manufacturing, though it has diversified. The surrounding landscape mixes urban development with patches of agricultural land and forests, creating an urban–rural gradient that influences pollution dispersion. Proximity to Moscow means Podolsk is affected by transboundary pollution from the capital's traffic and industry, compounded by local emissions. The Pakhra River and nearby reservoirs provide some moisture but do not significantly mitigate air quality issues. Its position in a basin-like area, with the Smolensk-Moscow Upland to the west, can trap pollutants under certain weather conditions, exacerbating poor air quality from both local sources and regional transport.

In Podolsk, air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern shaped by the humid continental climate. Winter, from December to February, often sees the worst pollution due to temperature inversions that trap emissions from heating systems, industry, and traffic near the ground, with calm winds and frequent fog exacerbating the buildup; sensitive groups like asthmatics should limit outdoor activities during these cold, stagnant periods. Spring, from March to May, brings gradual improvement as increasing temperatures and more frequent winds disperse pollutants, though late snowmelt and occasional dust from construction can cause temporary spikes. Summer, from June to August, typically offers the best air quality with higher wind speeds, convective mixing, and reduced heating emissions, making it favourable for outdoor exercise, but occasional heatwaves and ozone formation from vehicle exhaust can pose risks on hot, sunny days. Autumn, from September to November, sees a decline as temperatures drop, inversions return, and increased use of heating fuels, with October and November often marked by rising pollution levels; residents should monitor forecasts and plan activities for midday when dispersion is better. Year-round, proximity to Moscow means pollution can drift in during westerly winds, so checking regional air quality indices is advisable for vulnerable individuals.