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Pervomaysk, nestled within the Nizhegorodskaya Oblast’ of Russia, occupies a geographically significant position on the banks of the Vetluga River, a tributary of the Volga. Its coordinates (54.8667, 43.8000) place it within a relatively flat, expansive plain characteristic of the East European Plain. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, a mosaic of fields and pastures stretching towards the horizon, interspersed with pockets of birch and pine forest typical of the taiga biome’s southern fringe. The city’s elevation is modest, contributing to a tendency for pollutants to accumulate under certain meteorological conditions. Pervomaysk’s location within the Volga-Vyatka economic region means it’s influenced by industrial activity further upstream along the Volga, though direct heavy industry within Pervomaysk itself is limited. The urban–rural gradient is gradual; the city blends seamlessly into the agricultural landscape, with small villages and rural settlements visible within a short distance. The Vetluga River plays a crucial role in the local ecosystem and historically served as a vital transportation route. The flat terrain and proximity to the river, while offering advantages for agriculture and transport, also present challenges for air quality management, as there is limited natural dispersion of pollutants. The prevailing winds, often gentle, can sometimes become stagnant, particularly during temperature inversions, trapping emissions close to the ground. The region's climate, characterized by cold winters and warm summers, further influences atmospheric stability and pollutant behaviour.

Pervomaysk’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by its continental climate. Winter (December-February) presents the most challenging period. Cold temperatures lead to increased heating demands, often reliant on solid fuels in older homes, contributing to particulate matter pollution. Furthermore, temperature inversions are frequent during these months, trapping emissions from residential heating and limited industrial sources near the ground. Fog, common in winter, exacerbates the problem by reducing visibility and hindering pollutant dispersal. Spring (March-May) brings a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and heating demand decreases. However, agricultural activities, including fertilizer application and early field work, can introduce ammonia and other agricultural pollutants. Summer (June-August) generally offers the best air quality, with warmer temperatures promoting atmospheric mixing and increased wind speeds. However, occasional heatwaves can lead to stagnant air conditions. Autumn (September-November) sees a return to more challenging conditions as temperatures cool and agricultural activities resume, releasing dust and emissions. The transition months of October and November are particularly susceptible to stagnant air and the accumulation of pollutants. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during winter and early spring, limiting outdoor exposure on days with visible fog or stagnant air. During the agricultural seasons, minimizing exposure near fields during peak activity is advisable. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can also be beneficial throughout the year.