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Pestovo, nestled within the Novgorodskaya Oblast’ of Russia, occupies a geographically significant position at approximately 58.6° N, 35.8° E. The town’s location, roughly 150 kilometers southeast of Veliky Novgorod, places it within a transitional zone between the Central Russian Upland and the Valdai Hills, resulting in a gently undulating terrain. Elevation averages around 180 meters above sea level, contributing to localized microclimates. Pestovo is surrounded by a predominantly agricultural landscape, characterized by extensive fields of grain and root crops, interspersed with patches of mixed deciduous and coniferous forest – a typical feature of the southern taiga biome. The town sits near the source of the Pstya River, a tributary of the Msta River, providing a modest water source and influencing local humidity. While not directly adjacent to a major river, the proximity to the Msta basin impacts regional drainage patterns. Historically, the area’s fertile soils supported agricultural development, and today, agricultural activities, alongside smaller-scale industrial operations (primarily wood processing and food production), contribute to the local environmental profile. The urban–rural gradient around Pestovo is relatively gradual, with agricultural land extending almost seamlessly to the town’s periphery. This close proximity to agricultural zones means that seasonal agricultural practices, such as fertilizer application and harvesting, can influence local air quality. The surrounding forests, while generally beneficial for air purification, can also contribute to particulate matter during periods of dry weather and high winds, particularly in autumn when leaf litter accumulates. The relatively flat topography can also exacerbate the trapping of pollutants, especially during temperature inversions.

Pestovo’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by its continental climate. Spring (March-May) often brings a noticeable improvement as snowmelt increases humidity and winds strengthen, dispersing accumulated pollutants. However, the agricultural season’s commencement, with associated fertilizer application and tilling, can introduce ammonia and particulate matter, creating localized spikes. Summer (June-August) generally sees relatively cleaner air, aided by consistent winds and higher temperatures that promote atmospheric mixing. However, periods of prolonged heat can lead to stagnant air conditions, particularly in the town center. Autumn (September-November) presents the most challenging period. Decreasing temperatures and frequent temperature inversions trap pollutants near the ground, leading to increased concentrations of particulate matter from agricultural residue burning and vehicle emissions. The falling leaves also contribute to particulate pollution. Fog, common during autumn mornings, further exacerbates this issue by reducing visibility and trapping pollutants. Winter (December-February) brings cold, stable air, often accompanied by fog and temperature inversions. While emissions from heating systems can contribute to pollution, the cold air’s density tends to trap pollutants close to the ground, creating periods of poor air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during autumn and winter mornings, particularly when fog is present. During the agricultural season, minimizing exposure near fields during peak activity is advisable. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can also be beneficial throughout the year.