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Velikiye Luki, situated in the Pskovskaya Oblast’ of Russia at 56.3333°N, 30.5333°E, occupies a unique geographical position within the northwestern Russian Plain. The city is nestled amongst gently rolling hills and a complex network of lakes and rivers, most notably the Lovat River, which significantly influences local microclimates and potential pollutant dispersion. The terrain is relatively flat, with an average elevation around 80-100 meters above sea level, contributing to the potential for temperature inversions, especially during colder months. Historically, Velikiye Luki developed as a transport hub, a legacy reflected in its railway infrastructure and associated industrial activity. While not a major industrial centre on the scale of some Russian cities, the presence of food processing, engineering, and light manufacturing contributes to localised emissions. Surrounding the city is a predominantly agricultural landscape, characterised by arable land and forests. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with agricultural fields and forested areas immediately bordering the city limits. This proximity means that agricultural practices, including fertiliser use and seasonal burning, can impact local air quality, alongside emissions from transport and industry. The city’s location, further inland from the Baltic Sea, moderates maritime influences, resulting in a continental climate.

Velikiye Luki experiences a pronounced seasonal cycle impacting air quality. Winters (November to March) are typically the most challenging, with prolonged periods of cold temperatures and frequent temperature inversions trapping pollutants near the ground. Reduced sunlight hours also limit the natural dispersion of emissions. Wood burning for heating becomes prevalent, adding particulate matter to the air. Spring (April-May) sees a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and winds increase, but melting snow can release accumulated pollutants. Summer (June-August) generally offers the cleanest air, with higher temperatures promoting dispersion and rainfall acting as a natural scrubber. However, periods of stagnant high pressure can still lead to localised pollution build-up, particularly from agricultural activities. Autumn (September-October) brings increasing humidity and the return of temperature inversions, alongside the start of the heating season. Fog is common during autumn mornings, exacerbating particulate matter concentrations. Sensitive individuals – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during prolonged cold spells in winter and foggy autumn days. Monitoring local conditions and avoiding peak traffic hours are advisable throughout the year. The months of June, July, and August generally present the most favourable conditions for outdoor recreation.