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Salsk, a small city nestled within the Rostov Oblast’ of southwestern Russia, occupies a geographically significant position within the Don River basin. Located at approximately 46.48° N, 41.53° E, the city’s terrain is characterized by gently undulating steppe, a typical feature of the region’s vast grasslands. Its elevation, around 85 meters above sea level, contributes to a relatively flat landscape, which can exacerbate air quality issues due to limited natural dispersion of pollutants. Salsk sits on the edge of the Ciscaucasian Plain, transitioning from the flat steppe to the foothills of the Caucasus Mountains to the south. This proximity influences regional weather patterns and can trap air masses under certain conditions. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, with extensive fields of wheat, sunflowers, and other crops dominating the rural areas. This agricultural activity, while vital to the regional economy, can contribute to particulate matter pollution, particularly during harvest seasons when machinery and soil disturbance are prevalent. To the east, the Don River provides a distant water body, offering some potential for moisture and influencing local wind patterns, though its impact on Salsk’s immediate air quality is limited. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp, with the city surrounded by a patchwork of farmland and small villages. Historically, the area has seen some industrial development, including food processing and agricultural machinery production, which adds to the potential for localized air pollution sources. The flat topography and prevailing wind patterns often lead to pollutants accumulating in the lower atmosphere, especially during periods of calm weather.

Salsk’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by its continental climate. Winters, lasting from November to March, are typically the most challenging period. Cold temperatures frequently lead to temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground, preventing pollutants from dispersing. This phenomenon, combined with frequent fog and low wind speeds, results in a build-up of particulate matter and other emissions. Agricultural burning, though regulated, can also contribute to winter pollution episodes. Spring (April-May) brings a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and winds increase, aiding in pollutant dispersal. However, dust storms from the surrounding steppe can temporarily degrade air quality. Summer (June-August) generally sees the best air quality, with higher temperatures promoting atmospheric mixing and frequent winds. However, heatwaves can exacerbate ozone formation, a secondary pollutant. Autumn (September-October) presents a transitional period. Harvest activities intensify, releasing dust and emissions from agricultural machinery. Cooler temperatures and decreasing sunlight hours can also lead to localized inversions, particularly in October. Sensitive groups, such as children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during winter months, limiting outdoor activity on days with stagnant air. During harvest season, wearing masks can help reduce exposure to particulate matter. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purifiers is also advisable, particularly during periods of elevated pollution. The combination of agricultural practices and meteorological conditions creates a complex interplay affecting Salsk’s air quality throughout the year.