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Semikarakorsk, nestled within the Rostovskaya Oblast’ of southwestern Russia, occupies a geographically significant position within the Don River basin. Located at approximately 47.52° N, 40.80° E, the town’s terrain is predominantly undulating steppe, characteristic of the broader region. The elevation averages around 85 meters above sea level, contributing to a relatively flat landscape that can influence air circulation patterns. Semikarakorsk sits on the edge of a fertile agricultural zone, a key feature shaping its surroundings. Extensive fields of wheat, sunflowers, and other crops dominate the rural landscape extending outwards from the town, creating a distinct urban–rural gradient. The Don River, though not immediately adjacent, exerts a regional influence on climate and potential for advection of pollutants. To the east, the undulating steppe gradually transitions into more varied terrain. The town’s proximity to the Rostov-on-Don industrial belt, approximately 150 kilometers away, introduces a potential source of long-range air pollution, particularly during periods of stagnant weather. The local climate is continental, with hot summers and cold winters, impacting atmospheric stability and pollutant dispersion. The surrounding landscape, largely agricultural, means that dust from tilling and harvesting can be a significant local contributor to particulate matter, especially during the autumn months. The relatively open nature of the steppe allows for rapid dispersal of pollutants under favourable wind conditions, but also facilitates the transport of pollutants from distant sources.

Semikarakorsk’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by its continental climate and agricultural practices. Spring (March-May) often sees elevated particulate matter levels due to the commencement of agricultural activities – tilling, plowing, and the initial stages of planting release significant dust into the atmosphere. Temperature inversions, common during this period, can trap pollutants close to the ground, exacerbating the issue. Summer (June-August) generally offers improved air quality, with warmer temperatures promoting atmospheric mixing and dispersing pollutants. However, periods of intense heat can lead to ozone formation, a secondary pollutant. Autumn (September-November) presents a complex scenario. Harvesting activities contribute to high dust concentrations, while cooler temperatures and increased frequency of fog events can lead to pollutant accumulation. The combination of agricultural emissions and stagnant air often results in the poorest air quality of the year. Winter (December-February) typically brings the coldest temperatures and often, the most stable atmospheric conditions. While industrial emissions might be lower due to reduced demand, temperature inversions are frequent, trapping pollutants and leading to periods of poor air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor exertion during periods of fog or stagnant air, particularly in autumn and winter. During spring, wearing a mask during agricultural activities is advisable. Summer heat can trigger respiratory issues in some, so hydration and avoiding strenuous activity during peak heat are recommended.