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Zverevo, nestled within the Rostovskaya Oblast’ of southwestern Russia, occupies a geographically significant position within the Don River basin. Located at approximately 47.02°N, 40.12°E, the town’s terrain is characterized by gently rolling hills, typical of the steppe landscape that dominates the region. Its elevation, around 85 meters above sea level, contributes to relatively stable atmospheric conditions, though not entirely mitigating pollution impacts. The Don River, a major waterway, flows nearby, influencing local humidity and potentially dispersing pollutants under favourable wind conditions. However, its proximity also means that stagnant air can trap pollutants close to the town. Zverevo’s urban character is that of a small industrial settlement, historically linked to agricultural processing and, more recently, light manufacturing. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, with vast fields of wheat and sunflowers stretching towards the horizon, a characteristic feature of the Russian breadbasket. This agricultural activity, while vital to the regional economy, introduces potential sources of air pollution through fertilizer application and machinery emissions. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp; Zverevo transitions quickly from a concentrated built-up area to expansive farmland. The town’s location within the broader Rostov Oblast, a region experiencing industrial growth, means it is susceptible to transboundary pollution from larger industrial centres further north and east. The prevailing westerly winds often carry pollutants from these areas, compounding local emissions and impacting Zverevo’s air quality.

Zverevo’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by meteorological patterns. Winters, lasting from November to March, are typically the most challenging period. Cold temperatures frequently lead to temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground, preventing vertical mixing and concentrating pollutants. Fog, common during these months, further exacerbates the problem by reducing visibility and hindering pollutant dispersal. Agricultural burning, though regulated, can still occur in the late autumn and early winter, adding to particulate matter. Spring (April-May) brings a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and wind speeds increase, aiding in the dispersion of pollutants. However, the spring thaw can release dust and allergens, impacting air quality for sensitive individuals. Summer (June-August) generally offers the best air quality, with warm temperatures, frequent winds, and occasional rainfall helping to cleanse the atmosphere. Agricultural activity is at its peak, but emissions are often diluted by the prevailing conditions. Autumn (September-October) sees a return to more variable conditions. While wind speeds remain relatively high, cooler temperatures and increased humidity can lead to localized pockets of poor air quality, particularly during periods of calm weather. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during winter months and be mindful of potential allergen spikes in spring. Outdoor activities are generally best enjoyed during the summer months, although monitoring local conditions is always advisable.