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Krasnogvardeyskoye, nestled within the Stavropol’skiy Kray of southwestern Russia (45.8500° N, 41.5167° E), occupies a geographically significant position at the edge of the Ciscaucasian Plain, transitioning towards the foothills of the Caucasus Mountains. The city’s terrain is predominantly undulating steppe, characterized by fertile black soil (chernozem) ideal for agriculture, a dominant feature of the surrounding landscape. Elevation averages around 110 meters above sea level, contributing to a relatively stable atmospheric layer, though susceptible to temperature inversions under specific weather conditions. The proximity to the Manych River, though not directly adjacent, influences local humidity and wind patterns, occasionally bringing moisture from the east. Krasnogvardeyskoye’s regional position places it within a zone of agricultural intensity, with extensive fields of wheat, sunflowers, and other crops dominating the rural areas. This agricultural activity, coupled with potential fertilizer use and occasional burning of crop residues, can contribute to localized air pollution episodes. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp; the city itself is small, with a population of just under 14,000, quickly giving way to agricultural land. While not directly within a major industrial belt, the Stavropol region hosts several industrial facilities, and transport corridors carrying goods to and from the Caucasus can introduce pollutants. The prevailing winds, generally from the west and southwest, can carry pollutants from these sources, impacting Krasnogvardeyskoye’s air quality. The surrounding steppe’s flatness also limits dispersion, potentially trapping pollutants under stable atmospheric conditions.

Krasnogvardeyskoye’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by its continental climate. Winters (December-February) are typically the most challenging period. Cold temperatures frequently lead to temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground, preventing the vertical dispersion of pollutants. Fog, common during these months, further exacerbates the issue by reducing visibility and trapping particulate matter. Agricultural activities, including the storage of livestock waste, can also contribute to elevated ammonia levels. Spring (March-May) brings a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and winds increase, aiding in pollutant dispersal. However, dust storms, common in the steppe environment, can temporarily degrade air quality. Summer (June-August) generally offers the best air quality, with warm temperatures and frequent winds promoting good ventilation. However, occasional heatwaves can lead to stagnant air and ozone formation. Autumn (September-November) sees a return to more variable conditions. Harvest season can bring increased dust and smoke from agricultural burning, while cooler temperatures and decreasing sunlight hours can lead to localized inversions. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during winter months, limiting outdoor activity on days with dense fog or reported poor air quality. Spring dust storms necessitate the use of masks. During harvest season, staying indoors when possible and avoiding areas near agricultural fields is advisable. Maintaining good ventilation indoors and avoiding strenuous outdoor exercise during periods of stagnant air are also recommended.