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Nelidovo, nestled within Tverskaya Oblast’ in western Russia, occupies a relatively flat, low-lying position within the upper Volga basin. Situated at coordinates 56.2167°N, 32.8000°E, the city’s terrain is characterised by glacial deposits and sandy loam soils, typical of the region. The Volga River, a major artery of European Russia, flows nearby, influencing local humidity and potentially contributing to temperature inversions during calmer weather. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, with extensive fields of grain and potatoes dominating the rural areas. While not a major industrial hub, Nelidovo serves as a regional transport and processing centre for agricultural produce. This processing, alongside smaller-scale local industries, contributes to baseline particulate matter and volatile organic compound emissions. The urban-rural gradient is fairly sharp; the city itself is compact, with a population of approximately 18,603, quickly transitioning to open farmland. This proximity to agricultural land means seasonal burning of crop residue can significantly impact localised air quality. The prevailing winds, generally from the west, can transport pollutants from regional sources, while the relatively sheltered location can trap pollutants during stagnant atmospheric conditions. The city’s elevation, around 160 meters above sea level, is low enough to experience frequent fog, which can exacerbate pollution episodes by trapping emissions near the ground.

Nelidovo’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern. Spring (March-May) sees a rise in particulate matter due to agricultural burning as farmers prepare fields for planting, coupled with dust from thawing ground. Rainfall is moderate, offering some cleansing, but temperature inversions are common, trapping pollutants. Summer (June-August) generally offers the best air quality, with prevailing winds dispersing emissions and higher temperatures promoting atmospheric mixing. However, wildfires in surrounding forests, increasingly frequent due to climate change, can dramatically worsen conditions, particularly in July and August. Autumn (September-November) brings a return of agricultural burning, alongside increased use of solid fuels for heating as temperatures drop. Fog becomes more frequent, exacerbating pollution. November is often the most polluted month. Winter (December-February) is characterised by consistently cold temperatures and heavy reliance on wood and coal for heating, leading to elevated levels of particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, and carbon monoxide. Stagnant air masses and frequent temperature inversions trap pollutants close to the ground. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during autumn and winter. Monitoring wind direction and avoiding activity during calm, foggy conditions is advisable.