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Riyadh, the capital of Saudi Arabia, is situated in the heart of the Arabian Peninsula on the Najd plateau at an elevation of approximately 600 meters above sea level. This inland desert city lies within the Ar Riyāḑ region, characterized by a vast, arid landscape with minimal vegetation and no significant bodies of water nearby, which exacerbates dust accumulation and particulate matter pollution. The urban area is surrounded by rocky plains and sand dunes, creating a stark urban–rural gradient where the city's expansion into desert fringes increases exposure to natural dust storms. Riyadh's geographic isolation from coastal influences means it lacks the moderating effects of sea breezes, leading to stagnant air conditions that trap pollutants. The city's rapid growth has resulted in extensive urban sprawl, with industrial zones concentrated primarily in the eastern and southern sectors, contributing to emissions from manufacturing and construction. Additionally, its position as a major transportation hub, with heavy road traffic and limited public transit, further degrades air quality. The combination of topographic enclosure, desert dust, and anthropogenic sources creates a challenging environment for maintaining clean air, particularly during periods of low wind and temperature inversions.

In Riyadh, air quality fluctuates significantly across seasons due to meteorological and human factors. During winter (December to February), cooler temperatures and frequent temperature inversions trap pollutants near the ground, leading to higher concentrations of particulate matter and nitrogen oxides from heating and traffic; this period is less favorable for outdoor activities, especially for sensitive groups like children and the elderly. Spring (March to May) sees increased dust storms from the surrounding desert, driven by strong Shamal winds, which elevate PM10 levels and reduce visibility, making it a peak pollution season to avoid strenuous outdoor exertion. Summer (June to August) brings extreme heat, often exceeding 40°C, which intensifies ozone formation from vehicle emissions under intense sunlight, though occasional wind dispersal can provide temporary relief; early mornings are preferable for outdoor activities to minimize exposure. Autumn (September to November) offers the best air quality, with milder temperatures and reduced dust activity, making it an ideal time for outdoor pursuits; however, sporadic dust events may still occur. Sensitive individuals should monitor local air quality reports year-round, use masks during dust storms, and limit outdoor time during peak pollution months to mitigate health risks.