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Al Hufūf, the principal city of Saudi Arabia's Eastern Province, occupies a strategic position in the vast Al-Ahsa Oasis—one of the world's largest date palm oases—approximately 60 kilometers inland from the Arabian Gulf coast. Situated at an elevation of roughly 150 meters above sea level on the northeastern edge of the vast Rub' al Khali (Empty Quarter) desert, its geography profoundly shapes its air quality dynamics. The city lies within a flat, arid plain characterized by sandy soils and sparse natural vegetation, surrounded by extensive agricultural zones dedicated to date palm cultivation and some vegetable farming, which contribute organic particulate matter and occasional agricultural burning emissions. Al Hufūf's urban character blends traditional mud-brick architecture with modern developments, creating a compact urban core that gradually transitions into suburban and rural areas along an urban–rural gradient. Its location places it near major industrial belts to the north and east, including the massive petrochemical complexes in Jubail and Dammam, whose pollutants can be transported by prevailing northwesterly winds. The absence of significant water bodies nearby means limited natural cleansing effects, while the surrounding desert landscape facilitates dust storms, especially during seasonal wind patterns. The city's position in a basin-like terrain can occasionally trap pollutants under stable atmospheric conditions, exacerbating local emissions from vehicles, construction, and general urban activities.

In Al Hufūf, air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern influenced by the region's arid desert climate. During winter (December to February), cooler temperatures and frequent temperature inversions trap pollutants close to the ground, leading to elevated particulate matter levels; this period sees increased fog formation, which can combine with emissions to create haze, making it less ideal for outdoor activities, especially for sensitive groups like those with respiratory conditions. Spring (March to May) brings rising temperatures and stronger winds, which disperse pollutants but also stir up dust from the surrounding desert, causing sporadic spikes in coarse particulate matter; outdoor activities are generally favorable, though dust storms may require caution. Summer (June to August) features extreme heat, often exceeding 40°C, which intensifies photochemical reactions, potentially increasing ozone levels, while low humidity and persistent winds help ventilate the area, resulting in moderate pollution overall; sensitive individuals should avoid strenuous outdoor exertion during peak heat hours. Autumn (September to November) sees temperatures cooling and wind patterns shifting, with reduced dust activity and fewer inversions, leading to the cleanest air of the year; this season is optimal for outdoor pursuits, with minimal health risks for most residents. Throughout the year, pollution peaks tend to occur during transitional months when weather systems change, and troughs align with stable, windy periods that enhance dispersion.