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Al ‘Aydābī, nestled within the Jāzān Region of southwestern Saudi Arabia, presents a unique geographic context influencing its air quality. Located at coordinates 17.2334° N, 42.9419° E, the city sits approximately 75 kilometers inland from the Red Sea, at an elevation of roughly 200 meters. This coastal proximity introduces maritime influences, including humidity and potential salt spray, but also provides some degree of atmospheric dispersion. The surrounding terrain is characterized by the Tihamah coastal plain, a narrow strip between the Red Sea and the Sarawat Mountains. This plain is largely arid to semi-arid, with sparse vegetation and a mix of sandy and rocky landscapes. While Al ‘Aydābī isn’t a major industrial hub, the Jāzān Economic City, a large-scale development project, is located nearby, representing a potential future source of emissions. Agriculture, primarily date palm and fruit cultivation, is prevalent in the surrounding areas, contributing to localized dust and potential pesticide drift. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, transitioning quickly from the town’s built environment to open desert and agricultural lands. This rapid transition impacts local wind patterns and pollutant dispersal, concentrating emissions during calm conditions and dispersing them with stronger winds. The city’s position within a regional depression can also contribute to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground.

Al ‘Aydābī experiences a distinct seasonal air quality pattern dictated by the region’s monsoon cycle and temperature fluctuations. The summer months (May-September) are characterized by the southwest monsoon, bringing increased humidity and occasional rainfall. While the rain can temporarily cleanse the air, the monsoon winds can also transport dust and pollutants from further afield, particularly from the Arabian Peninsula’s interior. High temperatures during this period exacerbate ground-level ozone formation. October-November sees a transition period with calmer winds and increasing temperatures, often leading to stagnant air and pollutant build-up. The winter months (December-February) are generally the most favourable for air quality, with cooler temperatures, reduced dust storms, and more consistent wind patterns aiding dispersion. However, temperature inversions are more frequent during these months, trapping pollutants close to the ground, especially during early morning hours. March-April brings a gradual warming trend and increasing dust activity as the winds pick up. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during the summer monsoon and periods of dust storms. Avoiding peak hours near agricultural areas during pesticide application is also advisable. Monitoring local weather reports and air quality advisories is crucial for informed decision-making.