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Sokone, a town nestled within the Fatick region of Senegal, presents a fascinating case study in rural urbanisation and its impact on local air quality. Located at approximately 13.8780°N latitude and 16.3700°W longitude, Sokone sits within the relatively flat, gently undulating landscape characteristic of the Sine-Saloum delta. The terrain is primarily composed of sandy soils, supporting a mosaic of woodland, scrubland, and increasingly, agricultural fields. Sokone’s population of around 14,500 reflects its role as a regional market centre, drawing people from surrounding villages. Its position isn’t directly coastal, but it’s influenced by the proximity to the Atlantic Ocean, approximately 60km west, which introduces humidity and salt spray into the air. The surrounding area is dominated by agriculture – rice paddies are prevalent, alongside millet and peanut cultivation. While Sokone itself lacks heavy industry, the increasing use of agricultural machinery and the burning of agricultural residue contribute to localised particulate matter. The urban-rural gradient is sharp; immediately surrounding Sokone are agricultural lands, transitioning to more sparsely populated, natural savanna further afield. This proximity to agricultural activity, combined with prevailing wind patterns, significantly shapes the town’s air quality profile, concentrating pollutants during and after harvest seasons.

Sokone experiences a distinct wet and dry season, profoundly influencing its air quality. The dry season, roughly November to May, is characterised by the Harmattan wind, a hot, dry, dusty trade wind blowing from the Sahara Desert. This period sees a significant increase in particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) concentrations, impacting respiratory health. January and February are typically the months with the poorest air quality due to the sustained influx of Saharan dust. The transition to the wet season, June to October, brings relief. Rainfall effectively washes away accumulated dust and suppresses particulate matter. However, the wet season isn’t without its challenges. Increased humidity can promote mould growth, potentially exacerbating allergies and respiratory issues. Agricultural activities intensify during the wet season, with land preparation and harvesting contributing to localised smoke from burning vegetation. August and September, during peak harvest, can see temporary spikes in PM2.5. Temperature inversions, though less frequent than in temperate climates, can occur during the cooler nights of the dry season, trapping pollutants near ground level. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during the Harmattan season and periods of agricultural burning.