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Guéoul, a town in the Louga Region of Senegal, sits at approximately 15.4833°N latitude and -16.3500°W longitude, placing it within the Sahelian zone. The terrain is largely flat, characteristic of this part of the Senegal River basin, with an elevation hovering around a modest 20-30 meters above sea level. This low-lying geography, combined with its inland position roughly 60km east of the Atlantic coast, influences local air quality. The surrounding landscape is predominantly savannah grassland, transitioning to more arid conditions further north. Guéoul functions as a regional market centre, serving a largely agricultural hinterland focused on millet, peanuts, and livestock. While not heavily industrialised, the town experiences increased dust resuspension from unpaved roads and agricultural activities, particularly during the dry season. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; the town itself is compact, quickly giving way to open farmland. The prevailing winds, generally from the southwest during the wet season and northeast during the dry season, play a crucial role in dispersing or concentrating pollutants. The lack of significant topographical features means pollutants aren’t naturally flushed away by valley breezes or channeled by mountains, making Guéoul susceptible to localised build-ups, especially during periods of calm weather. The proximity to the Senegal River, while providing water resources, doesn’t offer substantial air purification benefits due to limited airflow interaction.

Guéoul experiences a distinct wet and dry season, profoundly impacting air quality. The dry season, spanning roughly November to May, is characterised by the Harmattan wind, bringing significant amounts of Saharan dust. This leads to consistently elevated particulate matter levels, peaking between February and April. Reduced rainfall means less atmospheric cleansing, and agricultural burning for land preparation further exacerbates pollution. This is a period to avoid strenuous outdoor activity, particularly for those with respiratory conditions. The transition to the wet season (June-July) brings a temporary improvement as rainfall washes away dust and suppresses resuspension. However, increased humidity can foster mould growth, potentially triggering allergic reactions. August and September, the heart of the rainy season, generally offer the best air quality, though localised flooding can create stagnant water and breeding grounds for disease vectors. October sees a gradual return to drier conditions and a corresponding increase in dust. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler nights of the dry season, can trap pollutants near ground level. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory illnesses – should limit outdoor exposure during Harmattan season and periods of calm, dry weather. Monitoring wind direction is key; winds from the northeast signal increased dust levels.