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Bakel, nestled within the Tambacounda Region of southeastern Senegal, occupies a geographically significant position at the confluence of the Falémé and Karakaro rivers. Its coordinates, 14.9042° N, -12.4583° W, place it within the Sahelian zone, characterized by a semi-arid climate and sparse vegetation transitioning to savanna grasslands. The terrain is generally flat, with gentle undulations dictated by the river systems, resulting in fertile alluvial plains crucial for local agriculture. Elevation is relatively low, averaging around 75 meters above sea level, minimizing topographic barriers to air movement. The surrounding landscape is dominated by open grasslands and scattered acacia trees, with limited dense forest cover. This open terrain allows for relatively unimpeded wind flow, which can both disperse pollutants and, under certain conditions, concentrate them. Bakel’s location is notable for its proximity to the border with Mali, influencing regional trade and potentially impacting transboundary pollution events. The urban–rural gradient is sharp; the town itself is a small settlement, quickly giving way to agricultural lands and pastoral areas. While Bakel lacks significant industrial belts, the surrounding region supports subsistence farming, primarily millet and sorghum cultivation, and livestock rearing. Dust from agricultural practices and seasonal winds, combined with limited vehicle traffic, are the primary factors shaping the local air quality profile. The rivers themselves, while providing a vital water source, can also contribute to humidity and localized fog formation, impacting pollutant dispersion.

Bakel’s air quality is intrinsically linked to its tropical savanna climate, exhibiting a distinct wet and dry season cycle. The dry season, typically spanning from November to May, presents the most significant air quality challenges. During this period, reduced rainfall and increased temperatures lead to heightened dust emissions from agricultural fields and unpaved roads. Strong, persistent Harmattan winds, originating from the Sahara, frequently sweep across the region, carrying significant quantities of mineral dust and particulate matter. These winds can dramatically reduce visibility and exacerbate respiratory issues. Temperature inversions, though less frequent than in colder climates, can occasionally occur during the cooler nights of the dry season, trapping pollutants near the ground. The wet season, from June to October, brings relief as rainfall washes away accumulated dust and increases humidity, generally improving air quality. However, periods of intense rainfall can lead to localized flooding and the release of mould spores, potentially affecting indoor air quality. The months of February and March often experience the highest dust concentrations due to the combined effects of Harmattan winds and agricultural activities. Outdoor activities are generally best avoided during these months, particularly for children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions. During the wet season, while overall air quality improves, vigilance regarding mould exposure in damp environments is advised. Maintaining good ventilation and promptly addressing any water damage are crucial for protecting respiratory health.