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Nguékhokh, situated in the Thiès region of Senegal (coordinates 14.5088° N, -17.0027° W), occupies a geographically significant position within the Sahelian zone. The town’s landscape is characterized by gently undulating terrain, transitioning from the relatively flat coastal plain towards the inland Sahel. Its proximity to the Atlantic Ocean, approximately 30 kilometers west, influences local weather patterns and, to a lesser extent, air quality. The surrounding area is predominantly agricultural, with extensive fields dedicated to groundnut cultivation and market gardening, a key economic driver for the region. This agricultural activity contributes to localized dust emissions, particularly during the dry season when soil is exposed. To the east, the terrain gradually rises, marking the transition to the drier, more arid Sahelian landscape. Nguékhokh’s urban character is that of a rapidly developing market town, experiencing population growth and a gradual shift from a predominantly rural economy to one with increasing commercial and service sectors. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp, with the town acting as a hub for surrounding villages. While there are no major industrial belts immediately adjacent to Nguékhokh, the broader Thiès region hosts some industrial activity, including peanut processing plants, which can contribute to regional air pollution episodes. The elevation is relatively low, averaging around 25 meters above sea level, which can exacerbate temperature inversions during cooler months, potentially trapping pollutants near the ground. The prevailing winds generally blow from the west, carrying maritime air inland, but their influence can be disrupted by local topography and seasonal weather patterns.

Nguékhokh’s air quality is intimately linked to its tropical savanna climate, exhibiting a distinct wet and dry season cycle. The dry season, typically spanning November to May, presents the most significant air quality challenges. Characterized by reduced rainfall and increased temperatures, the dry season fosters dust storms originating from the Sahelian regions to the east. These events, often exacerbated by strong Harmattan winds, can significantly degrade air quality, impacting visibility and respiratory health. Temperature inversions are more frequent during the cooler months (December-February), trapping pollutants closer to the ground, particularly in the evenings. The wet season, from June to October, brings relief as rainfall washes away particulate matter and increased humidity helps to settle dust. However, periods of intense rainfall can also lead to localized flooding, potentially releasing pollutants from stagnant water sources. During the transition months (May and November), wind patterns are often variable, leading to unpredictable air quality fluctuations. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting outdoor activities during peak dust storm periods. It’s advisable to monitor local weather reports for dust alerts and take preventative measures such as wearing masks and staying indoors when air quality is poor. The increased humidity of the wet season generally provides a respite, but vigilance is still warranted during periods of heavy rainfall and potential flooding.