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Nestled along the banks of the Danube River in Serbia's northern Vojvodina province, Novi Sad occupies a strategic position at the southern edge of the Pannonian Plain, approximately 80 kilometers northwest of Belgrade. The city's geography is defined by its low-lying terrain, with an average elevation of just 72 meters above sea level, situated within the fertile agricultural heartland of Serbia. This flat landscape, characteristic of the Pannonian Basin, creates a natural bowl effect that can trap pollutants, particularly during atmospheric inversions. The Danube River, flowing eastward through the city, provides some natural ventilation but also serves as a transportation corridor that contributes to urban emissions. Novi Sad's urban character blends historic architecture in the Stari Grad (Old Town) with expanding residential and industrial zones on the periphery, creating a distinct urban-rural gradient. The city is surrounded by extensive agricultural fields, primarily cultivating corn, wheat, and sunflowers, whose seasonal burning practices can impact air quality. Industrial activities are concentrated in the city's northern and eastern sectors, including food processing, machinery manufacturing, and chemical production. Novi Sad's position as Serbia's second-largest city and administrative capital of Vojvodina means it experiences significant commuter traffic from surrounding municipalities, exacerbating transportation-related pollution. The city's proximity to the Fruška Gora mountain range to the south provides some topographic relief but can also channel winds that either disperse or concentrate pollutants depending on seasonal patterns.

Novi Sad's air quality follows distinct seasonal patterns influenced by its continental climate and urban geography. During winter (December-February), pollution typically peaks due to increased residential heating with solid fuels, particularly in older buildings and surrounding villages, combined with frequent temperature inversions that trap pollutants in the low-lying Pannonian Basin. Cold, stagnant air and limited precipitation create hazardous conditions, especially in January, when sensitive groups should limit prolonged outdoor exposure. Spring (March-May) brings gradual improvement as temperatures rise and increased wind activity from the northwest helps disperse pollutants, though agricultural burning in surrounding fields during March-April can cause temporary spikes in particulate matter. Summer (June-August) offers the cleanest air overall, with prevailing southerly winds from the Adriatic providing natural ventilation, though occasional heat waves in July-August can combine with traffic emissions to create ozone concerns, particularly during afternoon hours. Autumn (September-November) sees a gradual deterioration as temperatures drop and atmospheric stability increases, with October-November experiencing rising pollution from heating sources and reduced dispersion, though less severe than winter peaks. Sensitive individuals, including those with respiratory conditions, should be particularly cautious during winter mornings when inversion layers are strongest and consider indoor air purification during peak heating seasons. The transitional months of May and September generally offer the most favorable conditions for outdoor activities with balanced temperatures and better air quality.