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Mongeri, nestled in the Southern Province of Sierra Leone at coordinates 8.3207° N, -11.7343° W, presents a unique geographic profile significantly influencing its air quality. The city’s location is characterized by a gently undulating terrain, transitioning from the coastal plains towards the interior highlands. Situated relatively close to the Atlantic Ocean, Mongeri benefits from prevailing sea breezes, which can both disperse and, under certain conditions, concentrate pollutants. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of small-scale agriculture – predominantly rice and cassava farming – interspersed with patches of dense tropical forest. This agricultural activity, while vital for local livelihoods, contributes to particulate matter through burning practices, particularly during land clearing. The urban–rural gradient around Mongeri is gradual; the city itself is a small settlement, and the transition to rural agricultural areas is seamless. There are no major industrial belts immediately adjacent to Mongeri, however, the proximity to larger regional trading hubs and transportation routes means that vehicle emissions are a notable factor. The elevation is relatively low, averaging around 30 meters above sea level, which can exacerbate temperature inversions, trapping pollutants closer to the ground. The presence of smaller rivers and streams nearby influences local humidity and can affect the dispersion of airborne particles. The overall topography, combined with the agricultural practices and regional connectivity, creates a complex interplay of factors impacting Mongeri’s air quality.

Mongeri’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season, profoundly impacting its air quality profile. The dry season, typically spanning from November to April, often sees a slight increase in particulate matter. This is largely attributable to agricultural burning practices as farmers prepare fields for the planting season. While sea breezes are generally present, the reduced rainfall during this period means less natural cleansing of the atmosphere. Temperature inversions are more frequent during the cooler nights of the dry season, trapping pollutants released during the day. The wet season, from May to October, brings frequent rainfall and higher humidity, which generally leads to improved air quality as pollutants are washed from the atmosphere. However, periods of intense rainfall can also lead to increased fungal spores and allergens, impacting respiratory health. Fog, though infrequent, can occur during the transition months (April/May and October/November), further reducing visibility and concentrating pollutants. During the dry season, particularly in December and January, sensitive groups like children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions should limit prolonged outdoor activity, especially during the early morning hours when pollutants may be more concentrated. The wet season generally offers more favourable conditions for outdoor activities, though vigilance regarding allergens remains important. The interplay of rainfall, temperature, and agricultural practices creates a dynamic air quality environment in Mongeri, requiring adaptive strategies for public health.