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Xuddur, situated in the Bakool region of Somalia (4.1200° N, 43.8878° E), occupies a geographically significant position within the southern Somali plateau. The city’s terrain is predominantly characterized by gently undulating plains, typical of the broader region, with elevations rarely exceeding 300 meters above sea level. This relatively flat landscape, while facilitating urban expansion, presents challenges for air quality dispersion. Xuddur lies within a semi-arid climate zone, impacting vegetation cover and contributing to dust generation. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of sparsely vegetated grasslands and agricultural fields, primarily supporting sorghum and maize cultivation, which can contribute to seasonal dust events. While Xuddur lacks immediate proximity to major rivers or lakes, it draws water from boreholes and seasonal streams, influencing local humidity levels. The urban–rural gradient transitions rapidly from the built-up area of Xuddur to the surrounding agricultural lands and pastoral areas. There are no significant industrial belts directly adjacent to Xuddur; however, the city serves as a regional market hub, with vehicular traffic representing a primary source of localized air pollution. The lack of substantial topographic barriers means that pollutants, once generated, tend to spread relatively evenly across the city and surrounding areas, making effective air quality management particularly crucial. The regional position, as a key trading center, also means increased transport activity and associated emissions.

Xuddur experiences a distinct wet and dry season pattern, profoundly influencing its air quality. The dry season, typically spanning from May to October, is characterized by intense heat, low humidity, and frequent dust storms. These storms, driven by strong regional winds, significantly elevate particulate matter concentrations, impacting visibility and respiratory health. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler nights of the dry season, can trap pollutants near the ground, exacerbating the problem. The wet season, from November to April, brings relief from dust but introduces its own challenges. Increased rainfall can lead to damp conditions, potentially fostering mold growth and associated indoor air quality concerns. However, the primary impact is a reduction in dust levels and improved dispersion of pollutants due to increased humidity and occasional rainfall washing particulate matter from surfaces. Months like June and July, with their consistently high temperatures and frequent dust storms, are generally the most challenging for air quality. Conversely, February and March, during the peak of the wet season, typically offer the best conditions. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting outdoor activities during peak dust storm periods and ensuring adequate ventilation indoors. Maintaining clean indoor environments and using appropriate respiratory protection during dust events are vital preventative measures.