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Hobyo, situated in the Mudug region of Somalia at approximately 5.35°N, 48.52°E, occupies a geographically significant coastal position along the Gulf of Aden. The city’s urban character is distinctly shaped by its location within a semi-arid climate and its historical role as a trading port. The surrounding landscape is dominated by a mix of coastal plains, scrubland, and gradually rising plateaus, typical of the Horn of Africa’s interior. Elevation is relatively low, rarely exceeding 30 meters above sea level, which contributes to a limited vertical mixing of air pollutants. Hobyo’s proximity to the Gulf of Aden introduces a maritime influence, moderating temperatures but also potentially carrying saline aerosols and, occasionally, pollutants from shipping activity. The urban–rural gradient transitions rapidly from the concentrated settlement of Hobyo to sparsely populated pastoral areas, where nomadic herding is the primary livelihood. There are no significant industrial belts immediately adjacent to Hobyo; however, agricultural zones, primarily focused on rain-fed crops and livestock rearing, extend inland. The prevailing winds, often influenced by monsoon patterns, play a crucial role in dispersing or concentrating pollutants. The terrain, characterized by relatively flat coastal plains and gently sloping hinterland, limits the natural ventilation that might otherwise mitigate air quality issues. Dust storms, common in the broader region, are a significant factor impacting air quality, transporting particulate matter from distant arid zones and impacting visibility and respiratory health.

Hobyo’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by its tropical climate, characterized by a wet (Gu) season and a dry (Jilal) season. The Jilal season, typically spanning from June to October, presents the most challenging period for air quality. Intense heat and minimal rainfall create stable atmospheric conditions, often leading to temperature inversions, which trap pollutants near the ground. Strong, dry winds, frequently originating from the interior, exacerbate dust intrusion, significantly increasing particulate matter concentrations. This period sees a noticeable increase in respiratory ailments, particularly among vulnerable populations like children and the elderly. The Gu season, from April to May, brings sporadic rainfall, which helps to cleanse the atmosphere and reduce dust levels, offering a respite from the dry season’s challenges. However, periods of heavy rainfall can temporarily increase humidity and potentially lead to mold growth, impacting indoor air quality. November to March represents a transitional period with moderate temperatures and less intense winds, generally resulting in improved air quality compared to the Jilal season. Fog, though infrequent, can occasionally form along the coast, trapping pollutants and reducing visibility. Outdoor activities are best enjoyed during the Gu season and the transitional months, avoiding strenuous exertion during the hottest parts of the day, especially during the Jilal season. Sensitive groups should limit outdoor exposure during periods of high dust and heat.