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Baraawe, situated in the Shabeellaha Hoose region of Somalia, is a coastal city strategically positioned along the Indian Ocean at coordinates 1.1133° N, 44.0303° E. The city’s geography is defined by its low-lying coastal plain, with an elevation generally near sea level. This proximity to the ocean significantly influences local weather patterns and, consequently, air quality. The surrounding landscape is primarily composed of sandy beaches, dunes, and scrubland, transitioning inland to agricultural areas reliant on the seasonal river flows. While Baraawe itself isn’t heavily industrialized, the broader Shabeellaha Hoose region supports agricultural activities, including farming and livestock rearing, which contribute to particulate matter through land use changes and potential burning of agricultural waste. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with a concentrated population within the city limits and a more dispersed rural population surrounding it. The lack of significant topographical features allows for limited natural dispersion of pollutants, meaning emissions tend to accumulate locally. The prevailing winds, generally from the ocean, can either carry pollutants away or, under certain conditions, trap them near the coast. The city’s location makes it vulnerable to dust storms originating from inland arid regions, further impacting air quality. Understanding these geographical factors is crucial for assessing and mitigating air pollution in Baraawe.

Baraawe experiences a bimodal rainfall pattern, defining its ‘wet’ and ‘dry’ seasons rather than traditional four seasons. The *Gu* (long rainy season) typically runs from April to June, bringing relief from dust and temporarily improving air quality as rainfall washes away particulate matter. However, increased humidity during this period can also foster mold growth, potentially exacerbating respiratory issues. The *Deyr* (short rainy season) occurs from October to December, offering a similar, though less pronounced, cleansing effect. Air quality deteriorates significantly during the prolonged dry seasons – *Jilaal* (January to March) and the period between the rainy seasons. The *Jilaal* season is characterized by hot, dry winds and frequent dust storms originating from the interior, leading to high concentrations of particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5). These conditions are particularly challenging for individuals with asthma or other respiratory conditions. November and December, following the *Deyr* rains, generally offer the most favourable conditions for outdoor activity. Temperature inversions, common during calmer periods, can trap pollutants near ground level, worsening air quality. Local burning of waste, a common practice, further contributes to pollution during the drier months. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory illnesses – should limit outdoor exposure during these periods.