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Oodweyne, nestled within the Togdheer region of Somalia, occupies a geographically significant position in the northern highlands. Located at approximately 9.4092° N, 45.0640° E, the city sits at an elevation that contributes to its relatively cool climate compared to coastal Somali cities. The surrounding landscape is dominated by undulating hills and plateaus, characteristic of the Ogaden Plateau, transitioning into drier, semi-arid scrubland further afield. This terrain influences local wind patterns, often channeling breezes through the town, which can both disperse and concentrate pollutants depending on atmospheric stability. Oodweyne’s proximity to agricultural zones, particularly those cultivating sorghum and maize, means that dust from tilling and harvesting can be a significant factor in air quality, especially during peak farming seasons. While not directly adjacent to major bodies of water, seasonal rainfall contributes to localized humidity and can affect the dispersion of particulate matter. The urban–rural gradient around Oodweyne is gradual, with scattered pastoral communities and small villages blending into the wider landscape. The city itself exhibits a traditional urban character, with a mix of informal settlements and more structured commercial areas. There are no major industrial belts immediately surrounding Oodweyne; however, the transportation of goods through the region, including livestock and agricultural products, contributes to vehicle emissions and associated air pollution. The topography, combined with agricultural practices and transportation, shapes the city’s unique air quality profile.

Oodweyne experiences a distinct wet and dry season pattern, significantly impacting its air quality. The dry season, typically spanning from November to April, is characterized by lower rainfall and increased dust intrusion from surrounding agricultural lands and the wider Ogaden Plateau. Wind patterns during this period can be erratic, sometimes leading to localized dust storms that dramatically reduce visibility and elevate particulate matter. Temperature inversions, though less frequent than in colder climates, can occasionally occur, trapping pollutants closer to the ground, particularly during calmer nights. The wet season, from May to October, brings relief from dust but introduces its own challenges. Rainfall can initially wash pollutants from the atmosphere, improving air quality. However, subsequent periods of humidity and reduced wind speeds can lead to stagnant air and the build-up of moisture-related pollutants. Fog, though infrequent, can also form during the wet season, further concentrating pollutants. The months of March and April, coinciding with the end of the dry season and the start of agricultural activities, often see a peak in dust and particulate matter. Conversely, July and August, during the height of the wet season, generally offer the best air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting outdoor activity during dust events. Maintaining indoor air quality through proper ventilation and filtration is also advisable throughout the year, particularly during periods of elevated humidity.