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Randburg is a significant urban node within South Africa's Gauteng province, situated on the highveld plateau at approximately 1,600 meters above sea level. This elevation contributes to its moderate climate but also creates conditions where air pollutants can accumulate, particularly during winter temperature inversions. Geographically, Randburg forms part of the Johannesburg metropolitan complex, positioned northwest of Johannesburg's central business district and northeast of Roodepoort, creating a continuous urban fabric that amplifies pollution through concentrated vehicular emissions and energy use. The terrain is characterized by gentle undulating hills typical of the highveld, with no major natural barriers to disperse pollutants, though the Witwatersrand ridge to the south can influence local wind patterns. While Randburg itself lacks heavy industry, its proximity to Johannesburg's industrial southern suburbs and the mining belt along the Witwatersrand means it receives transported pollutants, especially particulate matter from mining and manufacturing activities. The city lies inland, distant from major water bodies that might moderate air quality, and is surrounded by a mix of residential, commercial, and light industrial zones, with agricultural areas further afield in the province. This urban-rural gradient means pollution sources are primarily local—dominated by traffic, residential heating, and occasional biomass burning—but regional contributions from Gauteng's industrial heartland exacerbate air quality challenges, particularly during dry, calm winters when atmospheric mixing is limited.

In Randburg, air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern shaped by the highveld's subtropical highland climate. During autumn (March to May), pollution levels begin to rise as temperatures cool and wind speeds decrease, reducing atmospheric dispersion; this period sees increased biomass burning from agricultural clearing, contributing to particulate matter. Winter (June to August) brings the peak pollution months, characterized by frequent temperature inversions that trap pollutants near the surface, combined with increased use of coal and wood for residential heating, leading to elevated levels of PM2.5 and sulfur dioxide. Sensitive groups, such as those with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activities on cold, still mornings and consider using air purifiers indoors. Spring (September to November) offers improvement as warmer temperatures and stronger winds, including the seasonal 'berg winds' from the interior, help disperse pollutants, though occasional dust storms from dry conditions can cause short-term spikes. Summer (December to February) generally has the best air quality due to convective rainfall and consistent breezes that cleanse the atmosphere, making it the ideal time for outdoor exercise; however, occasional high-ozone days can occur during hot, sunny afternoons due to photochemical reactions from vehicle emissions. Year-round, monitoring local air quality indexes and avoiding high-traffic areas during rush hours is advisable for all residents.